Alcohol and drug problems at work : the shift to prevention

This manual contains guidance for companies of all sizes on how to design, implement and manage workplace substance abuse prevention programmes. Prepared in collaboration with the UN Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention, it draws upon the lessons learned from a wide range of prevention initiatives set up by companies around the world. Issues considered include: the physiological effects of alcoholism and drug abuse, substance abuse and the workplace, the shift in emphasis towards the prevention approach, programme planning and sustainability strategies, and linkage with community support services for workers.

Preface	p. v
Acknowledgements	p. xiii
Glossary	p. xv
1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Background	p. 1
1.2 The role of the ILO	p. 2
ILO code of practice	p. 3
1.3 Establishing a workplace substance abuse prevention programme: Key insights	p. 5
2 Substances of abuse	p. 9
2.1 Groups of substances of abuse	p. 9
Alcohol	p. 10
Drugs	p. 10
Medications and inhalants	p. 11
2.2 Intoxication, regular use and dependence	p. 12
2.3 Individual physiological effects	p. 13
2.4 Socio-demographic factors	p. 14
3 Substance abuse and the workplace	p. 17
3.1 A workplace issue	p. 17
Risks to the public	p. 19
3.2 Aggravating factors	p. 19
3.3 Addressing substance abuse in the workplace	p. 21
4 The paradigm shift to prevention	p. 23
4.1 Reassessing the problem	p. 23
Zoning	p. 24
Self-assessment	p. 25
Moderate versus heavy drinkers	p. 27
Health promotion as prevention	p. 28
4.2 Whose programme?	p. 29
Management	p. 29
Community and family linkages	p. 29
5 Programme planning	p. 31
5.1 The steering committee	p. 31
5.2 Programme feasibility	p. 33
External infrastructure	p. 33
Support within the enterprise	p. 33
Resources	p. 34
Needs assessment	p. 34
Working conditions and workplace attitudes	p. 36
6 Establishing a comprehensive programme	p. 37
6.1 Written policy statement	p. 39
6.2 Training for supervisors, key staff and workers' representatives	p. 41
Supervisors	p. 42
Key staff	p. 42
Workers' representatives	p. 43
6.3 Awareness and education campaigns	p. 43
6.4 Assistance	p. 45
6.5 Evaluation	p. 47
Process evaluation	p. 47
Outcome evaluation	p. 47
Impact evaluation	p. 48
6.6 Alcohol and drug testing	p. 48
7 Sustainability strategies	p. 51
7.1 The importance of sustainability	p. 51
7.2 Alternative strategies	p. 52
Independent programmes	p. 52
Integrated programmes	p. 52
Association of Resource Managers Against Substance Abuse (ARMADA)	p. 53
8 Conclusion	p. 55
8.1 Added benefits	p. 55
8.2 Some success stories	p. 56
India	p. 56
Slovenia	p. 57
Malaysia	p. 57
Annexes
I Alcohol, alcoholism and alcohol abuse	p. 59
II Psychoactive substances of abuse	p. 65
III Signs of substance abuse	p. 73
IV Self-assessment tools	p. 75
V Drug testing	p. 79
VI Websites	p. 89
VII Print and audio-visual resources	p. 93
VIII Sample policies on substance abuse	p. 97
Figures
2.1 Individual-environment-drug	p. 14
4.1 The traffic light as metaphor	p. 25
4.2 The paradigm shift from assistance to prevention	p. 26
4.3 Standard drinks	p. 27
5.1 The design, implementation and management of a company prevention programme	p. 32
6.1 Strategies for the prevention of alcohol- and drug-related problems in the workplace	p. 38
Boxes
1.1 Advantages of workplace substance abuse initiatives	p. 2
1.2 ILO code of practice	p. 4
2.1 Major categories of substances of abuse	p. 9
2.2 Problems relating to intoxication, regular use and dependence	p. 12
3.1 Some effects of drugs and alcohol in the workplace	p. 17
4.1 The traffic light analogy	p. 24
6.1 Recommended issues to be covered by a substance abuse prevention policy statement	p. 39
6.2 Topics that could be included in a worker education programme	p. 44
6.3 Assistance for workers with substance abuse problems	p. 46
7.1 Key elements of programme sustainability	p. 51

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