Principles of Mobile Communication

Başlık:

Yazar:

Stüber, Gordon L.

ISBN:

9780792397328

Ek Yazar:

Stüber, Gordon L.

Yayım Bilgisi:

Boston : Kluwer Academic, c1996.

Fiziksel Tanım:

XV, 665 p. 30 illus. : online resource.

General Note:

1 Introduction -- 2 Propagation Modeling -- 3 Co-Channel Interference -- 4 Modulated Signals and Their Power Spectral Densities -- 5 Digital Signaling on Flat Fading Channels -- 6 Digital Signaling on ISI Channels -- 7 Bandwidth Efficient Coding -- 8 Code Division Multiple Access -- 9 Cellular Coverage Planning -- 10 Link Quality Measurement and Handoff Initiation -- 11 Channel Assignment Techniques -- A Probability and Random Processes -- A.1 Conditional Probability and Bayes’ Theorem -- A.2 Means, Moments, and Moment Generating Functions -- A.3 Some Useful Probability Distributions -- A.4 Upper Bound on the cdfc -- A.5 Random Processes -- References.

Konu Terimleri:

Engineering.

Mühendislik.

Electrical engineering.

Elektrik mühendisliği.

Signal, Image and Speech Processing.

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Library	Materyal Türü	Barkod	Yer Numarası	Durum
Searching... Pamukkale Merkez Kütüphanesi	Kitap	0133223	TK6570 .M6 S78 1996	Searching... Unknown

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This work provides an authoritative treatment of the fundamentals of mobile communications, one of the fastest growing areas of the modern telecommunications industry. It stresses the fundamentals of mobile communications engineering that are important for the design of any mobile system. Less emphasis is placed on the description of existing and proposed wireless standards. This focus on fundamental issues should be of benefit not only to students taking formal instruction but also to practising engineers who are likely to already have a detailed familiarity with the standards and are seeking to deepen their knowledge of this field. The book stresses mathematical modelling and analysis, rather than providing a qualitative overview. It has been developed specifically as a textbook for graduate level instruction and a reference book for practising engineers and those seeking to pursue research in the area. The book contains sufficient background material for the novice, yet enough advanced material for a sequence of graduate level courses.

Preface	p. xiii
1. Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Wireless Systems and Standards	p. 3
1.1.1 First Generation Cellular Systems	p. 3
1.1.2 Second Generation Cellular Systems	p. 3
1.1.2.1 GSM/DCS1800/PCS1900	p. 3
1.1.2.2 IS-54/136 and IS-95	p. 5
1.1.2.3 PDC	p. 7
1.1.3 Cordless Telephone Systems	p. 7
1.1.4 Third Generation Cellular Systems	p. 8
1.1.5 Wireless LANs and and PANs	p. 14
1.2 Frequency Reuse and the Cellular Concept	p. 16
1.3 Mobile Radio Propagation Environment	p. 19
1.4 Co-channel Interference and Noise	p. 21
1.5 Receiver Sensitivity and Link Budget	p. 23
1.6 Coverage	p. 28
1.7 Spectral Efficiency and Capacity	p. 30
2. Propagation Modeling	p. 39
2.1 Frequency-Non-Selective (Flat) Multipath-Fading	p. 41
2.1.1 Received Signal Correlation and Spectrum	p. 44
2.1.2 Received Envelope and Phase Distribution	p. 50
2.1.2.1 Rayleigh Fading	p. 50
2.1.2.2 Ricean Fading	p. 51
2.1.2.3 Nakagami Fading	p. 53
2.1.2.4 Envelope Phase	p. 55
2.1.3 Envelope Correlation and Spectra	p. 56
2.1.3.1 Squared-Envelope Correlation and Spectra	p. 60
2.1.4 Level Crossing Rates and Fade Durations	p. 61
2.1.4.1 Envelope Level Crossing Rate	p. 61
2.1.4.2 Zero Crossing Rate	p. 66
2.1.4.3 Average Envelope Fade Duration	p. 66
2.1.5 Spatial Correlations	p. 67
2.1.5.1 Received Signal at the Base Station	p. 68
2.2 Frequency-Selective Multipath-Fading	p. 70
2.2.1 Statistical Channel Correlation Functions	p. 74
2.2.2 Classification of Channels	p. 75
2.2.3 Channel Output Autocorrelation	p. 79
2.3 Laboratory Simulation of Multipath-Fading Channels	p. 80
2.3.1 Filtered Gaussian Noise	p. 80
2.3.2 Sum of Sinusoids Method	p. 81
2.3.3 Multiple Faded Envelopes	p. 85
2.3.4 Simulation of Wide-band Multipath-Fading Channels	p. 90
2.4 Shadowing	p. 98
2.4.1 Laboratory Simulation of Shadowing	p. 99
2.4.2 Composite Shadowing-Fading Distributions	p. 100
2.4.2.1 Composite Gamma-log-normal Distribution	p. 102
2.5 Path Loss Models	p. 103
2.5.1 Path Loss in Macrocells	p. 103
2.5.1.1 Okumura-Hata and CCIR Models	p. 104
2.5.1.2 Lee's Area-to-Area Model	p. 105
2.5.2 Path Loss in Outdoor Microcells	p. 108
2.5.2.1 COST231-Hata Model	p. 108
2.5.2.2 COST231-Walfish-Ikegami Model	p. 109
2.5.2.3 Street Microcells	p. 111
2.5.3 Path Loss in Indoor Microcells	p. 114
3. Co-Channel Interference	p. 127
3.1 Multiple Log-normal Interferers	p. 129
3.1.1 Fenton-Wilkinson Method	p. 130
3.1.2 Schwartz-and Yeh-Method	p. 132
3.1.3 Farley's Method	p. 134
3.1.4 Numerical Comparisons	p. 135
3.2 Probability of Outage	p. 135
3.3 Multiple Ricean/Rayleigh Interferers	p. 139
3.4 Multiple Log-normal Nakagami Interferers	p. 140
3.4.1 Statistically Identical Interferers	p. 142
3.5 Multiple Log-normal Ricean/Rayleigh Interferers	p. 146
3.5.1 Single Interferer	p. 148
3.5.2 Multiple Interferers	p. 148
4. Modulated Signals and Their Power Spectra	p. 153
4.1 Representation of Band-pass Modulated Signals	p. 154
4.1.1 Vector Space Representations	p. 155
4.1.2 Gram-Schmidt Procedure	p. 156
4.1.3 Signal Energy and Correlations	p. 159
4.2 Nyquist Pulse Shaping	p. 161
4.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)	p. 165
4.4 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)	p. 168
4.4.1 Offset QPSK (OQSPK)	p. 169
4.4.2 [pi]/4-DQPSK	p. 171
4.5 Orthogonal Modulation and Variants	p. 172
4.6 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)	p. 175
4.6.1 Multiresolution Modulation	p. 177
4.6.2 FFT-Based OFDM System	p. 177
4.7 Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM)	p. 182
4.7.1 Full Response CPM	p. 183
4.7.1.1 Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)	p. 184
4.8 Partial Response CPM	p. 186
4.8.1 Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)	p. 189
4.8.2 Linearized GMSK (LGMSK)	p. 192
4.8.3 Tamed Frequency Modulation (TFM)	p. 195
4.9 Power Spectral Densities of Digitally Modulated Signals	p. 198
4.9.1 Psd of a Complex Envelope	p. 199
4.9.2 Psd of QAM	p. 205
4.9.3 Psd of PSK	p. 206
4.9.4 Psd of OQPSK	p. 206
4.9.5 Psd of [pi]/4-DQPSK	p. 207
4.9.6 Psd of OFDM	p. 208
4.9.7 Psd of Full Response CPM	p. 211
4.9.7.1 Psd of CPFSK	p. 215
4.9.7.2 Psd of MSK	p. 217
4.9.8 Psd of GMSK and TFM	p. 218
5. Digital Signaling on Flat Fading Channels	p. 227
5.1 Vector Space Representation of Received Signals	p. 228
5.2 Detection of Known Signals in Additive White Gaussian Noise	p. 230
5.3 Probability of Error	p. 234
5.3.1 Pairwise Error Probability	p. 236
5.3.2 Upper Bounds on Error Probability	p. 237
5.3.3 Lower Bound on Error Probability	p. 239
5.3.4 Bit Versus Symbol Error Probabilities	p. 239
5.4 Error Probability of PSK	p. 240
5.5 Error Probability of M-QAM	p. 246
5.6 Error Probability of Orthogonal Signals	p. 249
5.7 Error Probability of OFDM	p. 252
5.8 Error Probability of MSK	p. 256
5.9 Differential Detection	p. 258
5.9.1 Differential Detection of [pi]/4-DQPSK	p. 261
5.10 Non-coherent Detection	p. 262
5.11 Detection of CPM Signals	p. 267
5.11.1 Coherent CPM Demodulator	p. 268
5.11.2 Non-coherent CPM Demodulator	p. 268
6. Antenna Diversity	p. 275
6.1 Diversity Combining	p. 276
6.2 Selective Combining	p. 277
6.3 Maximal Ratio Combining	p. 280
6.4 Equal Gain Combining	p. 284
6.5 Switched Combining	p. 286
6.6 Differential Detection with Equal Gain Combining	p. 290
6.7 Transmitter Diversity	p. 291
6.7.1 Space-Time Transmit Diversity	p. 293
7. Equalization and Interference Cancellation	p. 301
7.1 Overview	p. 302
7.1.1 Symbol-by-symbol Equalizers	p. 302
7.1.2 Sequence Estimation	p. 304
7.1.3 Co-Channel Interference Cancellation	p. 306
7.2 Modeling of ISI Channels	p. 307
7.2.1 Vector Representation of Received Signals	p. 309
7.3 Optimum Receiver for ISI Channels with AWGN	p. 310
7.3.1 Discrete-Time White Noise Channel Model	p. 311
7.3.1.1 Time Varying Channels with Diversity	p. 314
7.3.1.2 T/2-Spaced Receiver	p. 315
7.4 Symbol-by-Symbol Equalizers	p. 317
7.4.1 Linear Equalizer	p. 319
7.4.1.1 Zero-Forcing (ZF)	p. 319
7.4.1.2 Minimum Mean-Square-Error (MMSE)	p. 322
7.4.2 Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE)	p. 326
7.4.3 Comparison of Symbol-by-Symbol Equalizers	p. 329
7.5 Sequence Estimation	p. 329
7.5.1 MLSE and the Viterbi Algorithm	p. 329
7.5.1.1 Adaptive MLSE Receiver	p. 335
7.5.1.2 T/2-spaced MLSE Receiver	p. 337
7.5.2 Delayed Decision-Feedback Sequence Estimation	p. 337
7.5.3 Reduced-State Sequence Estimation	p. 340
7.6 Error Probability for MLSE on ISI Channels	p. 341
7.6.1 Static ISI Channels	p. 344
7.6.2 Fading ISI Channels	p. 346
7.6.3 Computing the Union Bound	p. 349
7.6.3.1 Error-State Diagram	p. 350
7.6.3.2 The Stack Algorithm	p. 351
7.6.4 Examples	p. 352
7.7 Error Probability for T/2-spaced MLSE Receiver	p. 355
7.7.1 T-spaced MLSE Receiver	p. 355
7.7.2 T/2-spaced MLSE Receiver	p. 357
7.7.3 Practical T/2-spaced MLSE Receiver	p. 359
7.7.4 Timing Phase Sensitivity	p. 361
7.8 MIMO MLSE Receivers	p. 362
7.8.1 System and Channel Model	p. 363
7.8.2 Joint Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation	p. 364
7.8.3 Discrete-time MIMO Channel Model	p. 366
7.8.4 The Viterbi Algorithm	p. 370
7.8.5 Pairwise Error Probability	p. 370
7.8.6 T/2-Spaced MIMO MLSE Receiver	p. 371
7.8.6.1 Error Probability	p. 373
7.8.6.2 Timing Phase Sensitivity	p. 374
7.8.6.3 Practical Receiver	p. 376
7.8.7 Interference Rejection Combining MLSE	p. 378
7.8.8 Examples	p. 381
8. Error Control Coding	p. 391
8.1 Block Codes	p. 394
8.1.1 Binary Block Codes	p. 394
8.1.1.1 Minimum Distance	p. 395
8.1.1.2 Syndromes	p. 396
8.1.1.3 Error Detection	p. 396
8.1.1.4 Weight Distribution	p. 397
8.1.1.5 Probability of Undetected Error	p. 397
8.1.1.6 Error Correction	p. 398
8.1.1.7 Standard Array Decoding	p. 398
8.1.1.8 Syndrome Decoding	p. 399
8.2 Convolutional Codes	p. 399
8.2.1 Encoder Description	p. 399
8.2.2 State and Trellis Diagrams, and Weight Distribution	p. 402
8.2.3 Recursive Systematic Convolutional (RSC) Codes	p. 405
8.3 Trellis Coded Modulation	p. 407
8.3.1 Encoder Description	p. 407
8.3.2 Mapping by Set Partitioning	p. 408
8.4 Coded Performance on AWGN Channels	p. 412
8.4.1 Union Bound for Convolutional Codes	p. 413
8.5 Coded Performance on Interleaved Flat Fading Channels	p. 417
8.5.1 Design Rules for TCM on Flat Fading Channels	p. 422
8.5.1.1 Multidimensional TCM	p. 423
8.5.1.2 Multiple TCM (MTCM)	p. 424
8.5.1.3 2-D Trellis Codes	p. 426
8.6 Coded Performance on ISI Channels	p. 427
8.6.1 TCM on Static ISI Channels	p. 429
8.6.2 TCM on Noninterleaved Fading ISI Channels	p. 429
8.6.3 Examples	p. 431
8.6.3.1 Static ISI Channels	p. 431
8.6.3.2 Multipath Fading ISI Channels	p. 433
8.6.4 Evaluation of Union Bounds for TCM	p. 436
8.7 Turbo Codes	p. 443
8.7.1 PCCC Encoder	p. 444
8.7.2 PCCC Decoder	p. 446
8.7.3 SCCC Encoder and Decoder	p. 448
8.7.4 Weight Distribution	p. 448
8.7.4.1 Weight Distribution of PCCCs	p. 450
8.7.4.2 Weight Distribution of SCCCs	p. 453
9. Spread Spectrum Techniques	p. 457
9.1 Basic Principles of Spread Spectrum	p. 459
9.1.1 Direct Sequence (DS) Spread Spectrum	p. 459
9.1.2 Frequency Hop (FH) Spread Spectrum	p. 462
9.2 Spreading Sequences	p. 464
9.2.1 Spreading Waveforms	p. 466
9.2.2 m-sequences	p. 467
9.2.3 Gold Sequences	p. 469
9.2.4 Kasami Sequences	p. 471
9.2.5 Barker Sequences	p. 472
9.2.6 Walsh-Hadamard Sequences	p. 473
9.2.6.1 Orthogonal and Bi-orthogonal Modulation	p. 473
9.2.7 Variable Length Orthogonal Codes	p. 474
9.2.8 Complementary Code Keying (CCK)	p. 475
9.3 Power Spectral Density of DS Spread Spectrum Signals	p. 475
9.4 Performance of DS/QPSK in Tone Interference	p. 478
9.2 DS Spread Spectrum on Frequency-Selective Fading Channels	p. 491
9.5.1 RAKE Receiver	p. 495
9.6 Error Probability for DS CDMA on AWGN Channels	p. 501
9.6.1 Standard Gaussian Approximation	p. 505
9.6.2 Improved Gaussian Approximation	p. 506
9.6.3 Simplified Gaussian Approximation	p. 507
10. TDMA Cellular Architectures	p. 515
10.1 Cell Sectoring	p. 516
10.1.1 Cell Sectoring with Wide-beam Directional Antennas	p. 516
10.1.2 Sectoring with Switched-beam Antennas	p. 518
10.1.3 Turnkpool Techniques	p. 520
10.1.4 Cellular Performance with Switched-beam Antennas	p. 522
10.1.4.1 Reverse Channel	p. 523
10.1.4.2 Forward Channel	p. 524
10.1.4.3 Performance Criteria and Results	p. 524
10.2 Conventional Cell Splitting	p. 528
10.2.1 Reuse Partitioning	p. 530
10.2.1.1 Cell Splitting with Reuse Partitioning	p. 532
10.3 Cluster Planned Hierarchical Architecture	p. 532
10.3.1 System Architecture	p. 533
10.3.2 Underlaid Microcell Planning Algorithm	p. 534
10.3.3 Performance Analysis of Cluster Planned Architecture	p. 539
10.3.3.1 Macrocell Performance	p. 540
10.3.3.2 Microcell Performance	p. 545
10.3.3.3 Adjacent Channel Interference Analysis	p. 553
10.4 Macrodiversity Architectures	p. 554
10.4.1 Probability of Co-channel Interference Outage	p. 556
10.4.2 Shadow Correlation	p. 557
10.4.3 Numercial Examples	p. 559
11. CDMA Cellular Architectures	p. 567
11.1 Capacity of Cellular CDMA	p. 568
11.1.1 Reverse Link Capacity	p. 570
11.1.2 Forward Link Capacity	p. 577
11.1.3 Imperfect Power Control	p. 578
11.2 Error Probability with RAKE Reception	p. 580
11.2.1 Maximal Ratio Combining	p. 583
12. Link Quality Measurement and Handoff Initiation	p. 589
12.1 Signal Strength Based Hard Handoff Algorithms	p. 595
12.2 Pilot-to-Interference Ratio Based Soft Handoff Algorithms	p. 597
12.3 Signal Strength Averaging	p. 598
12.3.1 Choosing the Proper Window Length	p. 599
12.3.2 Choosing the Proper Number of Samples to Average	p. 601
12.4 Velocity Estimation in Cellular Systems	p. 604
12.4.1 Level Crossing Rate Estimators	p. 606
12.4.2 Covariance Approximation Methods	p. 608
12.4.3 Velocity Estimator Sensitivity	p. 611
12.4.3.1 Effect of the Scattering Distribution	p. 612
12.4.3.2 Effects of Additive Gaussian Noise	p. 615
12.5 Velocity Adaptive Handoff Algorithms	p. 617
12.5.1 Effect of N[subscript lambda]	p. 618
12.5.2 Corner Effects and Sensitivity to a and W[subscript iota]	p. 619
12.5.3 Velocity Adaptive Handoff Performance	p. 620
12.6 Hard Handoff Analysis	p. 621
12.6.1 Simulation Results	p. 626
12.7 Soft Handoff Analysis	p. 627
12.7.1 Simulation Results	p. 629
12.8 CIR-based Link Quality Measurements	p. 631
12.8.1 Discrete-Time Model for Signal Quality Estimation	p. 632
12.8.1.1 Estimation of (I+N)	p. 633
12.8.1.2 Estimation of C/(I+N)	p. 635
12.8.2 Training Sequence Based C/(I+N) Estimation	p. 636
12.9 Summary	p. 638
13. Channel Assignment Techniques	p. 645
13.1 Centralized DCA	p. 650
13.1.1 Maximum Packing (MP)	p. 650
13.1.2 MAXMIN Scheme	p. 652
13.2 Decentralized DCA	p. 653
13.2.1 First Available (FA) and Nearest Neighbor (NN)	p. 653
13.2.2 Dynamic Resource Acquisition (DRA)	p. 654
13.3 Fully Decentralized DCA	p. 655
13.3.1 Channel Segregation (CS)	p. 655
13.3.2 Channel Segregation with Variable Threshold	p. 655
13.3.3 Minimum Interference (MI) Schemes	p. 657
13.3.4 Aggressive and Timid DCA Strategies	p. 657
13.4 Hybrid FCA/DCA Schemes	p. 659
13.5 Borrowing Schemes	p. 660
13.5.1 Borrowing with Channel Ordering (BCO)	p. 660
13.5.2 Borrowing with Directional Locking	p. 662
13.5.3 Borrowing without Locking	p. 663
13.5.4 Compact Pattern Based DCA	p. 664
13.6 Directed Retry and Directed Handoff	p. 665
13.7 Moving Direction Strategies	p. 665
13.8 Reduced Transceiver Coverage	p. 666
13.8.1 Reuse Partitioning	p. 666
13.9 Handoff Priority	p. 667
13.10 Example DCA Schemes for TDMA Systems	p. 668
13.10.1 The Simple DCA (SDCA) Strategy	p. 670
13.10.2 A Queueing DCA Strategy	p. 670
13.10.3 An Aggressive DCA Strategy	p. 673
13.10.4 Simulation Model, Results, and Discussion	p. 676
13.11 Concluding Remarks	p. 682
Appendix A Probability and Random Processes	p. 685
A.1 Conditional Probability and Bayes' Theorem	p. 685
A.2 Means, Moments, and Moment Generating Functions	p. 687
A.3 Some Useful Probability Distributions	p. 688
A.3.1 Discrete Distributions	p. 688
A.3.2 Continuous Distributions	p. 689
A.4 Upper Bounds on the cdfc	p. 694
A.5 Random Processes	p. 697
A.5.1 Moments and Correlation Functions	p. 698
A.5.2 Crosscorrelation and Crosscovariance	p. 703
A.5.3 Complex-Valued Random Processes	p. 705
A.5.4 Power Spectral Density	p. 706
A.5.5 Random Processes Filtered by Linear Systems	p. 707
A.5.6 Discrete-time Random Processes	p. 709
A.5.7 Cyclostationary Random Processes	p. 711
References	p. 713
Index	p. 745

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