Soil and water chemistry : an integrative approach

Başlık:

Yazar:

Essington, Michael E.

ISBN:

9780849312588

Ek Yazar:

Essington, Michael E.

Yayım Bilgisi:

Boca Raton : CRC Press, c2004.

Fiziksel Tanım:

534 p. : ill. ; 26 cm.

Contents:

The soil chemical environment : an overview -- Soil minerals -- Chemical weathering -- Organic matter in soil -- Soil water chemistry -- Mineral solubility -- Surface chemistry and adsorption reactions -- Cation exchange -- Oxidation-reduction reactions in soils -- Acidity in soil materials -- Soil salinity and sodicity.

Konu Terimleri:

Electronic Access:

Publisher description http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0646/2003058468-d.html

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Library	Materyal Türü	Barkod	Yer Numarası	Durum
Searching... Pamukkale Merkez Kütüphanesi	Kitap	0033986	S592.5.E88 2004	Searching... Unknown

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Traditionally the study of chemical principles as they relate to soil has been limited to the field of agronomics. Soil and Water Chemistry: An Integrative Approach , stands alone because it balances agricultural and environmental perspectives in its analysis of the chemical properties and processes that affect organic and inorganic soil substances.

Written for soil science practitioners, researchers, and students, this book provides a comprehensive treatment of soil composition and reactions. Topics include: clay mineralogy, soil organic matter, mineral weathering and stability, ion speciation, solubility, ion exchange, adsorption, oxidation-reduction, acidity, alkalinity, and salinity. Each chapter concludes with numerous exercises that emphasize concepts and have practical, real-world applications.

Chapter 1 The Soil Chemical Environment: An Overview	p. 1
1.1 Phases and Chemical Processes in Soil	p. 1
1.1.1 Intraphase Soil Processes	p. 3
1.1.2 Interphase Soil Processes	p. 4
1.2 Elements in the Soil Environment: Their Concentrations and Important Species	p. 6
1.3 Units and Conversions	p. 14
1.4 Heterogeneity of Soil Chemical Characteristics	p. 19
1.4.1 Descriptive Statistical Properties	p. 21
1.4.2 Geostatistics	p. 23
1.4.2.1 Variograms	p. 24
1.4.2.2 Interpolation by Kriging	p. 28
1.5 Exercises	p. 31
References	p. 34
Chapter 2 Soil Minerals	p. 35
2.1 Chemical Bonds	p. 35
2.2 Pauling's Rules	p. 38
2.3 Crystal Structure	p. 43
2.4 Silicate Classes	p. 45
2.4.1 Nesosilicates	p. 46
2.4.2 Sorosilicates	p. 48
2.4.3 Cyclosilicates	p. 48
2.4.4 Inosilicates	p. 48
2.4.5 Phyllosilicates	p. 49
2.4.6 Tectosilicates	p. 53
2.5 Clay Mineralogy	p. 56
2.5.1 Division 1:1 Phyllosilicate Minerals	p. 61
2.5.2 Division 2:1 Phyllosilicate Minerals	p. 65
2.5.2.1 Pyrophyllite Group	p. 65
2.5.2.2 Smectite Group	p. 68
2.5.2.3 Vermiculite Group	p. 74
2.5.2.4 Mica and Illite Groups	p. 75
2.5.2.5 Chlorite Group	p. 76
2.5.2.6 Interstratified Layer Silicates	p. 78
2.6 Hydrous Metal Oxides	p. 80
2.6.1 Hydrous Aluminum Oxides	p. 80
2.6.2 Hydrous Iron Oxides	p. 83
2.6.3 Hydrous Manganese Oxides	p. 86
2.6.4 Allophane and Imogolite	p. 88
2.7 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis	p. 90
2.7.1 Principles	p. 90
2.7.2 Clay Mineral Characterization	p. 93
2.8 Exercises	p. 98
References	p. 100
Chapter 3 Chemical Weathering	p. 101
3.1 Hydrolysis and Oxidation	p. 101
3.2 Balancing Chemical Reactions	p. 105
3.3 Mineral Stability: Primary Silicates in the Sand- and Silt-Sized Fractions	p. 109
3.4 Mineral Stability: Clay-Sized Fraction	p. 111
3.5 Weathering and Formation Characteristics of the Phyllosilicates	p. 113
3.5.1 Mica	p. 113
3.5.2 Chlorite	p. 120
3.5.3 Vermiculite	p. 122
3.5.4 Smectite	p. 123
3.6 General Weathering Scheme for the Phyllosilicates	p. 124
3.7 Exercises	p. 125
References	p. 127
Chapter 4 Organic Matter in Soil	p. 129
4.1 Determination of Soil Organic Carbon Concentrations	p. 131
4.2 Organic Functional Groups: A Review	p. 133
4.3 Nonhumic Substances	p. 140
4.3.1 Carbohydrates	p. 140
4.3.2 Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus Compounds	p. 143
4.3.3 Lipids	p. 150
4.3.4 Lignins	p. 152
4.4 Humic Substances	p. 155
4.4.1 Genesis of Humic Substances	p. 157
4.4.2 Chemical and Structural Characteristics of Humic Substances	p. 163
4.4.2.1 Elemental Content	p. 163
4.4.2.2 Functional Groups and Structural Components	p. 167
4.4.2.3 Molecular Mass and Configuration	p. 173
4.5 Exercises	p. 178
References	p. 180
Chapter 5 Soil Water Chemistry	p. 183
5.1 Nature of Water	p. 183
5.2 Ion Hydration	p. 185
5.3 Electrolyte Solutions	p. 188
5.4 Hydrolysis of Cations	p. 195
5.5 Lowry-Bronsted Acids and Bases	p. 198
5.6 Complex Ions and Ion Pairs	p. 207
5.6.1 Stability of Soluble Complexes	p. 208
5.6.2 The Irving and Williams Series	p. 211
5.6.3 Metal-Fulvate Interactions	p. 212
5.7 The Ion Association Model	p. 216
5.8 Ion Speciation in Soil Solution	p. 223
5.8.1 Acid Soil Solution	p. 224
5.8.2 alkaline Soil Solution	p. 225
5.9 Qualitative Aspects of Ion Speciation	p. 227
5.10 Soil Water Sampling Methodologies	p. 232
5.10.1 In Situ Soil Water Sampling	p. 232
5.10.2 Ex Situ Soil Water Sampling	p. 236
5.11 Methods of Chemical Analysis: Elemental Analysis	p. 238
5.11.1 Atomic Spectrometry	p. 238
5.11.1.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry	p. 238
5.11.1.2 Atomic Emission Spectrometry	p. 243
5.11.1.3 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry	p. 243
5.11.1.4 Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry	p. 245
5.11.2 Inductively Coupled (Argon) Plasma Spectrometry	p. 246
5.12 Exercises	p. 248
References	p. 251
Chapter 6 Mineral Solubility	p. 255
6.1 Mineral Solubility: Basic Principles	p. 255
6.1.1 Mineralogical Controls on Ion Activities in Soil Solutions	p. 257
6.1.2 The Ion Activity Product and Relative Saturation	p. 260
6.2 Application of Mineral Solubility Principles: Impediments	p. 263
6.2.1 The Estimation of Standard Free Energies of Formation	p. 264
6.2.2 Metastability and the Step Rule	p. 268
6.3 The Deviation of K[subscript sp] from K[subscript dis]	p. 269
6.3.1 Poorly Crystalline and Microcrystalline Solids	p. 269
6.3.2 Solid Solutions	p. 271
6.4 Mineral Solubility and Solution Composition	p. 274
6.5 Stability Diagrams	p. 276
6.5.1 Activity Diagrams	p. 277
6.5.2 Activity Ratio Diagrams	p. 280
6.5.3 The Temperature Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant	p. 283
6.5.4 In Situ Stabilization: Observed and Predicted Transformations of Metallic Lead in Alkaline Soil	p. 290
6.5.5 Predominance Diagrams	p. 297
6.6 Predicting Solution Composition	p. 302
6.7 Exercises	p. 305
References	p. 308
Chapter 7 Surface Chemistry and Adsorption Reactions	p. 311
7.1 Surface Functional Groups and Complexes	p. 311
7.1.1 Inorganic Soil Particle Surfaces and the Source of Charge	p. 313
7.1.2 Surface Complexes	p. 321
7.2 The Solid-Solution Interface: A Microscopic View	p. 322
7.2.1 Surface Charge Density	p. 322
7.2.2 Points of Zero Charge	p. 327
7.2.3 The Electric Double-Layer	p. 330
7.3 Quantitative Description of Adsorption	p. 334
7.3.1 The Adsorption Isotherm	p. 335
7.3.2 Linear Partition Theory	p. 348
7.3.3 Adsorption Kinetics and Desorption Hysteresis	p. 358
7.4 Specific Retention of Metals and Ligands	p. 364
7.5 Ligand Effects on Metal Adsorption	p. 370
7.6 Organic Surface Functional Groups and Organic Molecular Retention Mechanisms	p. 373
7.6.1 Organic Surface Functional Groups	p. 373
7.6.2 Molecular Retention Mechanisms	p. 373
7.7 Surface Complexation Models	p. 377
7.7.1 The Nonelectrostatic Model	p. 380
7.7.2 Electrostatic Effects on Adsorption	p. 386
7.7.2.1 The Constant Capacitance Model	p. 387
7.7.2.2 The Modified Triple Layer Model	p. 391
7.8 Exercises	p. 394
References	p. 397
Chapter 8 Cation Exchange	p. 399
8.1 Cation Exchange: A Beginning for Soil Chemistry	p. 399
8.2 Qualitative Aspects of Cation Exchange	p. 401
8.3 Cation Exchange Capacity and Exchange Phase Composition	p. 404
8.3.1 Exchange Phase Composition	p. 404
8.3.2 Methods of Measuring the Cation Exchange Capacity	p. 407
8.3.2.1 Ammonium Acetate (pH 7 or 8.2)	p. 407
8.3.2.2 Cation Exchange Capacity of Arid Land Soils	p. 408
8.3.2.3 Cation Exchange Capacity of Acid Soils	p. 409
8.3.2.4 Unbuffered Salt Extraction	p. 409
8.4 Quantitative Description of Cation Exchange	p. 409
8.4.1 Cation Exchange Selectivity	p. 410
8.4.1.1 Kerr Selectivity Coefficient	p. 410
8.3.1.2 Vanselow Selectivity Coefficient	p. 412
8.4.1.3 Rothmund and Kornfeld Selectivity Coefficient	p. 416
8.4.1.4 Gapon Selectivity Coefficient	p. 418
8.4.1.5 Gaines and Thomas Selectivity Coefficient	p. 420
8.4.1.6 Davies Selectivity Coefficient	p. 421
8.4.1.7 Regular Solution Model	p. 422
8.4.2 Exchange Isotherms and Preference	p. 424
8.4.3 Exchange Equilibrium Constant	p. 430
8.5 Exercises	p. 440
References	p. 442
Chapter 9 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in Soils	p. 445
9.1 The Electron Activity	p. 446
9.2 Redox Potential Measurements	p. 449
9.3 Redox Status in Soils	p. 454
9.3.1 Reduction-Oxidation Sequences in Soils	p. 455
9.3.2 Redox Zones	p. 458
9.4 pe-pH Predominance Diagrams	p. 459
9.4.1 Construction of pe-pH Diagrams: The Cr-H[subscript 2]O System	p. 460
9.4.2 Examples of pe-pH Diagrams for Redox-Sensitive Elements	p. 464
9.4.2.1 Iron and Manganese	p. 465
9.4.2.2 Selenium	p. 467
9.4.2.3 Arsenic	p. 469
9.5 Exercises	p. 471
References	p. 472
Chapter 10 Acidity in Soil Materials	p. 473
10.1 The Measurement of Soil Solution pH	p. 474
10.1.1 The pH Electrode System	p. 474
10.1.2 Soil Solution pH	p. 476
10.2 Chemical and Biochemical Processes that Influence Soil Solution pH	p. 477
10.3 Acid-Neutralizing Capacity and the Quantification of Soil Acidity	p. 483
10.4 Neutralization of Soil Acidity	p. 484
10.5 Acid Generation and Management in Mine Spoils: The Oxidation of Pyrite	p. 488
10.5.1 Acid Generation and Neutralization in Pyritic Wastes	p. 488
10.5.2 Pyritic Mine Spoil Reclamation: Case Study	p. 492
10.6 Exercises	p. 495
References	p. 497
Chapter 11 Soil Salinity and Sodicity	p. 499
11.1 Sources of Salts	p. 500
11.2 Diagnostic Characteristics of Saline and Sodic Soils	p. 501
11.3 Irrigation Water Quality Parameters and Relationships	p. 504
11.4 Genesis, Management, and Reclamation of Salt-Affected Soils	p. 506
11.4.1 Saline Soils	p. 507
11.4.2 Sodic Soils	p. 511
11.4.2.1 Classification of Sodic Soils	p. 511
11.4.2.2 Flocculation and Dispersion in Colloidal Suspensions	p. 513
11.4.2.3 Genesis and Management of Sodic Soils	p. 516
11.4.3 Sodic Mine Spoil Reclamation	p. 518
11.5 Exercises	p. 519
References	p. 521
Index	p. 523

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