| Introduction |
| Elements of a water quality monitoring programme |
| Monitoring for management |
| Monitoring and assessment |
| Water Quality |
| Characteristics of surface waters |
| Characteristics of groundwater |
| Natural processes affecting water quality |
| Water use and water quality deterioration |
| Water and human health |
| Source literature and further reading |
| Designing a monitoring programme |
| Purpose of monitoring |
| The need for information for management |
| Objectives of water quality monitoring |
| Preliminary surveys |
| Description of the monitoring area |
| Selecting sampling sites |
| Selecting sampling stations |
| Monitoring media and variables |
| Frequency and timing of sampling |
| Source literature and further reading |
| Resources for a monitoring programme |
| Laboratory facilities |
| Transport |
| Staffing |
| Human resources development and training |
| Communication |
| Inventory of sampling stations |
| Schedules for sampling expeditions |
| Source literature and further reading |
| Field work and sampling |
| Sample containers |
| Types of sample |
| Water samplers |
| Manual sampling procedures |
| Recording field observations |
| Sample preservation |
| Transportation and storage of samples |
| Reception of samples by the laboratory |
| Safety during field work |
| Source literature and further reading |
| Field testing methods |
| Temperature |
| Transparency |
| pH |
| Conductivity (or specfic conducture) |
| Dissolved oxygen |
| Thermotolerant (faecal) coliforms |
| Quality assurance in the field |
| Source literature and further reading |
| Physical and shemical analyses |
| Preparation and use of chemical reagents |
| Akalinity |
| Aluminium |
| Biochemical oxygen demand |
| Chemical oxygen demand |
| Boron |
| Calcium |
| Chloride |
| Chlorophyll a |
| Fluoride |
| Iron |
| Magnesium |
| Manganese |
| Nitrogen, ammonia |
| Nitrogen, kjeldahl |
| Nitrogen, nitrate |
| Nitrogen, nitrite |
| Phosphorus |
| Potassium |
| Selenium |
| Reactive silica |
| Sodium |
| Sulphate |
| Total dissolved solids |
| Total suspended solids |
| Source literature and further reading |
| Advanced instrumental analysis |
| Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) |
| Gas chromatography |
| Flame photometry |
| Total, organic and inorganic carbon |
| Source literature and further reading |
| Analytical quality assurance |
| Quality assurance |
| Internal quality control |
| External quality control |
| Source literature and further reading |
| Microbilogical Analyses |
| Characteristics of indicator organisms |
| Selecting a bacteriological analytical technique |
| Multiple fermentation tube technique |
| Membrane filter technique |
| Quality assurance |
| Source literature and further reading |
| Biological monitoring |
| Selection of appropriate methods and organisms |
| Ecological methods |
| Measurement of chlrorphyll a |
| Physiological techniques |
| Controlled biotests |
| Contaminats in biological tissues |
| Site selection and sampling frequency |
| Quality assurance |
| Source literature and further reading |
| Hydrological measurements |
| Rivers |
| Lakes and reservoirs |
| Mass flux computation |
| Groundwater |
| Source literature and further reading |
| Sediment measurements |
| Types of sediment transport |
| Sediment measurement |
| Sampling for sediment |
| Measuring suspended sediment |
| Sediment quality |
| Source literature and further reading |
| Use and reporting of monitoring data |
| Quality assurance of data |
| Data handling and management |
| Basic statistical analysis |
| Use of data and the need for supporting information |
| Simle graphical presentation of results |
| Reporting |
| Recommendations |
| Source literature and further reading |
| Appendix 1 Portable filed kits |
| Index |
