Fundamentals of intelligent transportation systems planning

Designed for those involved with intelligent transportation systems (ITS), this volume guides the reader through the fundamentals that are essential for planning and operations. This reference focuses on traffic flow fundamentals and application areas, issues and principles. It includes discussion of security concerns in transportation systems, seeking to allow a greater degree of confidence in the success of your projects before actual implementation.

Author Notes

Mashrur A. Chowdhury received his Ph. D. in civil engineering from the University of Virginia, and his M.Sc. in transportation from Morgan State University.

Chowdhury is an assistant professor in the department of civil and environmental engineering and engineering mechanics at the University of Dayton, Dayton,OH.

050

Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 What Is ITS?	p. 1
1.2 ITS Today and Tomorrow	p. 2
1.3 ITS Training and Education Needs	p. 2
1.4 Scope of the Book	p. 4
1.5 Organization of the Book	p. 5
Review Questions	p. 6
Reference	p. 6
2 Fundamentals of Traffic Flow and Control	p. 7
2.1 Traffic Flow Elements	p. 7
2.1.1 Flow-Density Relationships	p. 8
2.1.2 Fundamental Diagram of Traffic Flow	p. 9
2.2 Traffic Flow Models	p. 11
2.2.1 Greenshields Model	p. 11
2.2.2 Alternative Traffic Flow Models	p. 13
2.3 Shock Waves in Traffic Streams	p. 14
2.3.1 Shock Wave Velocity	p. 15
2.3.2 Shock Wave Analysis Example	p. 16
2.4 Traffic Signalization and Control Principles	p. 18
2.4.1 Traffic Signalization Principles	p. 18
2.4.2 Actuated Signal Control	p. 21
2.4.3 Signal Coordination	p. 22
2.5 Ramp Metering	p. 24
2.5.1 Types of Ramp Control	p. 25
2.5.2 Ramp Metering Operational Concept	p. 25
2.6 Traffic Simulation	p. 30
2.6.1 Traffic Simulation Models	p. 30
2.6.2 Examples of Traffic Simulation Models	p. 31
2.6.3 Basic Guidelines for Applying Simulation Models	p. 32
2.7 Conclusions	p. 32
Review Questions	p. 32
References	p. 34
3 ITS User Services	p. 35
3.1 ITS User Services	p. 35
3.2 ITS User Services Bundles	p. 36
3.3 Travel and Traffic Management	p. 36
3.3.1 Pretrip Travel Information	p. 38
3.3.2 En Route Driver Information	p. 38
3.3.3 Route Guidance	p. 39
3.3.4 Ride Matching and Reservation	p. 39
3.3.5 Traveler Services Information	p. 39
3.3.6 Traffic Control	p. 40
3.3.7 Incident Management	p. 40
3.3.8 Travel Demand Management	p. 40
3.3.9 Emissions Testing and Mitigation	p. 41
3.3.10 Highway-Rail Intersection	p. 41
3.4 Public Transportation Operations	p. 42
3.4.1 Public Transportation Management	p. 42
3.4.2 En Route Transit Information	p. 43
3.4.3 Personalized Public Transit	p. 43
3.4.4 Public Travel Security	p. 44
3.5 Electronic Payment	p. 44
3.6 Commercial Vehicles Operations	p. 45
3.6.1 Commercial Vehicle Electronic Clearance	p. 45
3.6.2 Automated Roadside Safety Inspection	p. 45
3.6.3 Onboard Safety Monitoring	p. 45
3.6.4 Commercial Vehicle Administrative Processes	p. 46
3.6.5 Hazardous Materials Incident Response	p. 47
3.6.6 Freight Mobility	p. 47
3.7 Emergency Management	p. 47
3.7.1 Emergency Notification and Personal Security	p. 47
3.7.2 Emergency Vehicle Management	p. 48
3.8 Advanced Vehicle Control and Safety Systems	p. 48
3.8.1 Longitudinal Collision Avoidance	p. 48
3.8.2 Lateral Collision Avoidance	p. 49
3.8.3 Intersection Collision Avoidance	p. 50
3.8.4 Vision Enhancement for Collision Avoidance	p. 51
3.8.5 Safety Readiness	p. 51
3.8.6 Precrash Restraint Deployment	p. 51
3.8.7 Automated Highway System	p. 52
3.9 Information Management	p. 52
3.10 Maintenance and Construction Management	p. 52
3.11 Conclusions	p. 53
Review Questions	p. 53
Reference	p. 54
4 ITS Applications and Their Benefits	p. 55
4.1 Freeway and Incident Management Systems	p. 56
4.1.1 FIMS Objectives	p. 56
4.1.2 FIMS Functions	p. 57
4.1.3 Traffic Surveillance and Incident Detection	p. 59
4.1.4 Ramp Control	p. 66
4.1.5 Incident Management	p. 67
4.1.6 Information Dissemination	p. 71
4.1.7 Real-World Freeway and Incident Management Systems and Their Benefits	p. 74
4.2 Advanced Arterial Traffic Control Systems	p. 75
4.2.1 Historical Development of Computer Traffic Control Systems	p. 75
4.2.2 Adaptive Traffic Control Algorithms	p. 76
4.2.3 Real-World Adaptive Traffic Control Systems and Their Benefits	p. 78
4.3 Advanced Public Transportation Systems	p. 80
4.3.1 AVL Systems	p. 80
4.3.2 Transit Operations Software	p. 82
4.3.3 Transit Information Systems	p. 83
4.3.4 Electronic Fare Payment Systems	p. 86
4.4 Multimodal Traveler Information Systems	p. 86
4.5 Conclusions	p. 89
Review Questions	p. 89
References	p. 90
5 ITS Architecture	p. 93
5.1 Regional and Project ITS Architecture	p. 93
5.2 Why Do We Need an ITS Architecture?	p. 94
5.3 Concept of Operations	p. 95
5.4 National ITS Architecture	p. 98
5.4.1 User Services and User Service Requirements	p. 98
5.4.2 Logical Architecture	p. 101
5.4.3 Physical Architecture	p. 104
5.4.4 Equipment Packages	p. 107
5.4.5 Market Packages	p. 107
5.5 Proposed Procedure for Developing a Regional ITS Architecture	p. 108
5.6 Architecture Development Tool	p. 109
5.7 Conclusions	p. 109
Review Questions	p. 111
References	p. 111
6 ITS Planning	p. 113
6.1 Transportation Planning and ITS	p. 113
6.2 Planning and the National ITS Architecture	p. 117
6.3 Planning for ITS	p. 119
6.3.1 Market Package-Based ITS Planning Process	p. 121
6.3.2 Traceability-Based ITS Planning Process	p. 121
6.4 Case Study: Northern Virginia ITS Planning Exercise Using the Traceability-Based Approach	p. 124
6.5 Integrating ITS into Transportation Planning	p. 125
6.6 Conclusions	p. 132
Review Questions	p. 132
References	p. 133
7 ITS Standards	p. 135
7.1 Introduction	p. 135
7.2 Standard Development Process	p. 136
7.3 National ITS Architecture and Standards	p. 137
7.4 ITS Standards Application Areas	p. 138
7.4.1 Center-to-Roadside Interface Class	p. 138
7.4.2 Center-to-Center (C2C) Applications	p. 141
7.4.3 Center-to-Vehicle/Traveler	p. 144
7.4.4 Roadside-to-Vehicle	p. 145
7.4.5 Roadside-to-Roadside	p. 146
7.5 NTCIP	p. 147
7.6 Standards Testing	p. 150
7.7 Conclusions	p. 150
Review Questions	p. 151
References	p. 151
8 ITS Evaluation	p. 153
8.1 Introduction	p. 153
8.2 Project Selection at the Planning Level	p. 154
8.2.1 Benefit-Cost Analysis	p. 154
8.2.2 Relative Rating and Ranking	p. 155
8.3 Deployment Tracking	p. 155
8.4 Impact Assessment	p. 160
8.5 Benefits by ITS Components	p. 162
8.6 Benefit Estimation Categories	p. 162
8.7 Evaluation Guidelines	p. 163
8.8 Evaluation Support Tools	p. 165
8.8.1 ITS Deployment Analysis System	p. 165
8.8.2 Traffic Simulation Models	p. 166
8.9 Challenges for ITS Evaluation	p. 167
8.10 Conclusions	p. 168
Review Questions	p. 169
References	p. 169
9 ITS Challenges and Opportunities	p. 171
9.1 Mainstreaming ITS	p. 171
9.2 System Upgrade	p. 173
9.3 System Integration	p. 174
9.4 Training Needs	p. 174
9.5 Funding	p. 175
9.6 Privacy	p. 175
9.7 Rulemaking and Compliance	p. 176
9.8 Resource Sharing	p. 176
9.9 ITS and National Security	p. 177
9.10 Conclusions	p. 178
Review Questions	p. 179
References	p. 179
About the Authors	p. 181
Index	p. 183

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