Environmental performance reviews : Italy.

This book is part of the OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Programme which conducts peer reviews of environmental conditions and progress in each Member country. It scrutinises efforts to meet both domestic objectives and international commitments. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data and lead to recommendations for further environmental and sustainable development progress. (OECD website). This reviews progress since 1994, when the previous environmental performance review was published. Among the priority concerns are: urban air pollution, soil and water management, waste management, nature and landscape conservation, climate change, transport management, and protection of coastal and the marine environment. Among a number of recommendations, Italy will need to: i) improve it environmental infrastructure; ii) integrate further environmental concerns into economic and social decisions and iii) reinforce its international environmental co-operation.

1. Conclusions and Recommendations	p. 19
1. Environmental Management	p. 20
Implementing more effective and efficient environmental policies	p. 20
Air	p. 22
Water	p. 23
Waste	p. 25
Nature conservation and biodiversity	p. 27
2. Towards Sustainable Development	p. 29
Integration of environmental concerns in economic decisions	p. 29
Integration of environmental and social concerns	p. 30
Integration of environmental concerns in transport decisions	p. 32
3. International Co-operation	p. 33
Part I Environmental Management
2. Air Management	p. 39
Recommendations	p. 39
Conclusions	p. 40
1. Evaluation of Performance	p. 40
1.1 Air management policy objectives	p. 40
1.2 Air emissions and quality	p. 42
1.3 Energy	p. 46
1.4 Industry	p. 51
1.5 Transport	p. 52
2. Focus on Selected Topics	p. 53
2.1 Trends in emissions of atmospheric pollutants	p. 53
2.2 Industry sector trends	p. 54
3. Water Management	p. 57
Recommendations	p. 57
Conclusions	p. 58
1. Evaluation of Performance	p. 59
1.1 Policy objectives	p. 59
1.2 Objective of conservation or replenishment of water resources	p. 60
1.3 Objective of acceptable water quality	p. 63
1.4 Objective of economic sustainability of water pricing	p. 67
2. Focus on Selected Topics	p. 70
2.1 Water pricing	p. 70
2.2 Water quality	p. 73
2.3 Soil and water management planning	p. 74
4. Waste Management	p. 77
Recommendations	p. 77
Conclusions	p. 78
1. Evaluation of Performance	p. 79
1.1 Development of legislation and waste management objectives	p. 79
1.2 Urban and special waste: generation and disposal	p. 80
1.3 Urban waste: separate collection and recycling	p. 81
1.4 Special waste: prevention and recovery	p. 86
1.5 Use of economic instruments	p. 86
1.6 Transfrontier movements of waste	p. 87
2. Focus on Selected Topics	p. 88
2.1 Remediation of contaminated sites	p. 88
2.2 Regional variations in urban waste generation and disposal	p. 89
5. Nature Conservation and Biodiversity	p. 91
Recommendations	p. 91
Conclusions	p. 92
1. Evaluation of Performance	p. 93
1.1 Policy objectives in the 1990s	p. 93
1.2 Protected areas	p. 94
1.3 State of biodiversity	p. 98
1.4 Nature conservation outside protected areas	p. 100
2. Focus on Selected Topics	p. 106
2.1 Protected areas in Rome	p. 106
2.2 International agreements	p. 107
2.3 Organic farming	p. 108
Part II Sustainable Development
6. Environmental - Economic Interface	p. 111
Recommendations	p. 111
Conclusions	p. 112
Integrating environmental concerns in economic decisions	p. 112
Implementing more effective and efficient environmental policies	p. 113
1. Towards Sustainable Development	p. 114
1.1 Decoupling environmental pressures from economic growth	p. 114
1.2 Sustainable development and institutional integration	p. 116
1.3 Sustainable development and market-based integration	p. 119
1.4 Environmental expenditure and its financing	p. 121
2. Environmental Policy Implementation	p. 124
2.1 Objectives	p. 124
2.2 Institutional framework	p. 126
2.3 Regulatory instruments	p. 129
2.4 Economic instruments	p. 135
2.5 Environmental impact assessment of projects	p. 139
2.6 Voluntary initiatives	p. 140
2.7 Spatial planning	p. 142
3. Focus on Selected Topics	p. 143
3.1 Economic context	p. 143
3.2 Energy pricing	p. 146
3.3 Development of national environmental institutions	p. 147
3.4 Devolution process	p. 148
3.5 Towards more negotiated agreements	p. 150
3.6 Achievements in the Friuli - Venezia Giulia region	p. 151
7. Environmental-Social Interface	p. 157
Recommendations	p. 157
Conclusions	p. 158
1. Evaluation of Performance	p. 159
1.1 Environmental employment	p. 159
1.2 Environment and health	p. 160
1.3 Environmental disparities: poverty and access to environmental services	p. 161
1.4 Environmental disparities: hydro-geological risks and urban revival	p. 166
1.5 Environmental awareness and education	p. 168
1.6 Environmental democracy: information and public participation	p. 169
2. Focus on Selected Topics	p. 172
2.1 Social context	p. 172
2.2 Health and electromagnetic radiation	p. 174
8. Sectoral Integration: Transport	p. 177
Recommendations	p. 177
Conclusions	p. 178
1. Evaluation of Performance	p. 179
1.1 Policy objectives	p. 179
1.2 Environmental measures concerning vehicles, fuels and infrastructure	p. 181
1.3 Fostering the integration of environmental concerns in transport policies and practices	p. 184
1.4 Developing a sustainable balance between transport modes	p. 188
2. Focus on Selected Topics	p. 192
2.1 Current transport trends: high motorisation and domination of road transport	p. 192
2.2 Traffic management in urban areas: a wealth of innovative measures	p. 194
2.3 Tackling environment and mobility problems in Rome	p. 195
Part III International Commitments
9. International Co-Operation	p. 201
Recommendations	p. 201
Conclusions	p. 202
1. Evaluation of Performance	p. 203
1.1 Climate change	p. 203
1.2 Protecting the ozone layer	p. 208
1.3 Transboundary air pollution	p. 209
1.4 Marine pollution	p. 211
1.5 Living marine resources	p. 215
1.6 Development co-operation	p. 219
1.7 Implementation of EU environmental legislation	p. 219
2. Focus on Selected Topics	p. 221
2.1 International agreements	p. 221
2.2 Regional co-operation	p. 222
2.3 Drought and desertification	p. 223
Annexes
I.A Selected environmental data	p. 226
I.B Selected economic data	p. 228
I.C Selected social data	p. 230
II.A Selected multilateral agreements (worldwide)	p. 232
II.B Selected multilateral agreements (regional)	p. 236
III. Selected environmental events (1994-2001)	p. 241
IV. Physical context	p. 245

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