Distributed systems : principles and paradigms

Library	Materyal Türü	Barkod	Yer Numarası	Durum
Searching... Pamukkale Merkez Kütüphanesi	Kitap	0039436	QA76.9.D5T36 2007	Searching... Unknown
Searching... Pamukkale Merkez Kütüphanesi	Kitap	0097832	QA76.9.D5T36 2007	Searching... Unknown

Virtually every computing system today is part of a distributed system. Programmers, developers, and engineers need to understand the underlying principles and paradigms as well as the real-world application of those principles. Now, internationally renowned expert Andrew S. Tanenbaum - with colleague Martin van Steen - presents a complete introduction that identifies the seven key principles of distributed systems, with extensive examples of each. Adds a completely new chapter on architecture to address the principle of organizing distributed systems. Provides extensive new material on peer-to-peer systems, grid computing and Web services, virtualization, and application-level multicasting. Updates material on clock synchronization, data-centric consistency, object-based distributed systems, and file systems and Web systems coordination. For all developers, software engineers, and architects who need an in-depth understanding of distributed systems.

Author Notes

Andrew S. Tanenbaum is currently Professor of Computer science at Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam
Maarten Van Steen is currently a professor at the Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

Preface	p. xvii
1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Definition of a Distributed System	p. 2
1.2 Goals	p. 3
1.2.1 Making Resources Accessible	p. 3
1.2.2 Distribution Transparency	p. 4
1.2.3 Openness	p. 7
1.2.4 Scalability	p. 9
1.2.5 Pitfalls	p. 16
1.3 Types of Distributed Systems	p. 17
1.3.1 Distributed Computing Systems	p. 17
1.3.2 Distributed Information Systems	p. 20
1.3.3 Distributed Pervasive Systems	p. 24
1.4 Summary	p. 30
2 Architectures	p. 33
2.1 Architectural Styles	p. 34
2.2 System Architectures	p. 36
2.2.1 Centralized Architectures	p. 36
2.2.2 Decentralized Architectures	p. 43
2.2.3 Hybrid Architectures	p. 52
2.3 Architectures Versus Middleware	p. 54
2.3.1 Interceptors	p. 55
2.3.2 General Approaches to Adaptive Software	p. 57
2.3.3 Discussion	p. 58
2.4 Self-Management in Distributed Systems	p. 59
2.4.1 The Feedback Control Model	p. 60
2.4.2 Example: Systems Monitoring with Astrolabe	p. 61
2.4.3 Example: Differentiating Replication Strategies in Globule	p. 63
2.4.4 Example: Automatic Component Repair Management in Jade	p. 65
2.5 Summary	p. 66
3 Processes	p. 69
3.1 Threads	p. 70
3.1.1 Introduction to Threads	p. 70
3.1.2 Threads in Distributed Systems	p. 75
3.2 Virtualization	p. 79
3.2.1 The Role of Virtualization in Distributed Systems	p. 79
3.2.2 Architectures of Virtual Machines	p. 80
3.3 Clients	p. 82
3.3.1 Networked User Interfaces	p. 82
3.3.2 Client-Side Software for Distribution Transparency	p. 87
3.4 Servers	p. 88
3.4.1 General Design Issues	p. 88
3.4.2 Server Clusters	p. 92
3.4.3 Managing Server Clusters	p. 98
3.5 Code Migration	p. 103
3.5.1 Approaches to Code Migration	p. 103
3.5.2 Migration and Local Resources	p. 107
3.5.3 Migration in Heterogeneous Systems	p. 110
3.6 Summary	p. 112
4 Communication	p. 115
4.1 Fundamentals	p. 116
4.1.1 Layered Protocols	p. 116
4.1.2 Types of Communication	p. 124
4.2 Remote Procedure Call	p. 125
4.2.1 Basic RPC Operation	p. 126
4.2.2 Parameter Passing	p. 130
4.2.3 Asynchronous RPC	p. 134
4.2.4 Example: DCE RPC	p. 135
4.3 Message-Oriented Communication	p. 140
4.3.1 Message-Oriented Transient Communication	p. 141
4.3.2 Message-Oriented Persistent Communication	p. 145
4.3.3 Example: IBM's WebSphere Message-Queuing System	p. 152
4.4 Stream-Oriented Communication	p. 157
4.4.1 Support for Continuous Media	p. 158
4.4.2 Streams and Quality of Service	p. 160
4.4.3 Stream Synchronization	p. 163
4.5 Multicast Communication	p. 166
4.5.1 Application-Level Multicasting	p. 166
4.5.2 Gossip-Based Data Dissemination	p. 170
4.6 Summary	p. 175
5 Naming	p. 179
5.1 Names, Identifiers, and Addresses	p. 180
5.2 Flat Naming	p. 182
5.2.1 Simple Solutions	p. 183
5.2.2 Home-Based Approaches	p. 186
5.2.3 Distributed Hash Tables	p. 188
5.2.4 Hierarchical Approaches	p. 191
5.3 Structured Naming	p. 195
5.3.1 Name Spaces	p. 195
5.3.2 Name Resolution	p. 198
5.3.3 The Implementation of a Name Space	p. 202
5.3.4 Example: The Domain Name System	p. 209
5.4 Attribute-Based Naming	p. 217
5.4.1 Directory Services	p. 217
5.4.2 Hierarchical Implementations: LDAP	p. 218
5.4.3 Decentralized Implementations	p. 222
5.5 Summary
6 Synchronization	p. 231
6.1 Clock Synchronization	p. 232
6.1.1 Physical Clocks	p. 233
6.1.2 Global Positioning System	p. 236
6.1.3 Clock Synchronization Algorithms	p. 238
6.2 Logical Clocks	p. 244
6.2.1 Lamport's Logical Clocks	p. 244
6.2.2 Vector Clocks	p. 248
6.3 Mutual Exclusion	p. 252
6.3.1 Overview	p. 252
6.3.2 A Centralized Algorithm	p. 253
6.3.3 A Decentralized Algorithm	p. 254
6.3.4 A Distributed Algorithm	p. 255
6.3.5 A Token Ring Algorithm	p. 258
6.3.6 A Comparison of the Four Algorithms	p. 259
6.4 Global Positioning of Nodes	p. 260
6.5 Election Algorithms	p. 263
6.5.1 Traditional Election Algorithms	p. 264
6.5.2 Elections in Wireless Environments	p. 267
6.5.3 Elections in Large-Scale Systems	p. 269
6.6 Summary	p. 270
7 Consistency and Replication	p. 273
7.1 Introduction	p. 274
7.1.1 Reasons for Replication	p. 274
7.1.2 Replication as Scaling Technique	p. 275
7.2 Data-Centric Consistency Models	p. 276
7.2.1 Continuous Consistency	p. 277
7.2.2 Consistent Ordering of Operations	p. 281
7.3 Client-Centric Consistency Models	p. 288
7.3.1 Eventual Consistency	p. 289
7.3.2 Monotonic Reads	p. 291
7.3.3 Monotonic Writes	p. 292
7.3.4 Read Your Writes	p. 294
7.3.5 Writes Follow Reads	p. 295
7.4 Replica Management	p. 296
7.4.1 Replica-Server Placement	p. 296
7.4.2 Content Replication and Placement	p. 298
7.4.3 Content Distribution	p. 302
7.5 Consistency Protocols	p. 306
7.5.1 Continuous Consistency	p. 306
7.5.2 Primary-Based Protocols	p. 308
7.5.3 Replicated-Write Protocols	p. 311
7.5.4 Cache-Coherence Protocols	p. 313
7.5.5 Implementing Client-Centric Consistency	p. 315
7.6 Summary	p. 317
8 Fault Tolerance	p. 321
8.1 Introduction to Fault Tolerance	p. 322
8.1.1 Basic Concepts	p. 322
8.1.2 Failure Models	p. 324
8.1.3 Failure Masking by Redundancy	p. 326
8.2 Process Resilience	p. 328
8.2.1 Design Issues	p. 328
8.2.2 Failure Masking and Replication	p. 330
8.2.3 Agreement in Faulty Systems	p. 331
8.2.4 Failure Detection	p. 335
8.3 Reliable Client-Server Communication	p. 336
8.3.1 Point-to-Point Communication	p. 337
8.3.2 RPC Semantics in the Presence of Failures	p. 337
8.4 Reliable Group Communication	p. 343
8.4.1 Basic Reliable-Multicasting Schemes	p. 343
8.4.2 Scalability in Reliable Multicasting	p. 345
8.4.3 Atomic Multicast	p. 348
8.5 Distributed Commit	p. 355
8.5.1 Two-Phase Commit	p. 355
8.5.2 Three-Phase Commit	p. 360
8.6 Recovery	p. 363
8.6.1 Introduction	p. 363
8.6.2 Checkpointing	p. 366
8.6.3 Message Logging	p. 369
8.6.4 Recovery-Oriented Computing	p. 372
8.7 Summary	p. 373
9 Security	p. 377
9.1 Introduction to Security	p. 378
9.1.1 Security Threats, Policies, and Mechanisms	p. 378
9.1.2 Design Issues	p. 384
9.1.3 Cryptography	p. 389
9.2 Secure Channels	p. 396
9.2.1 Authentication	p. 397
9.2.2 Message Integrity and Confidentiality	p. 405
9.2.3 Secure Group Communication	p. 408
9.2.4 Example: Kerberos	p. 411
9.3 Access Control	p. 413
9.3.1 General Issues in Access Control	p. 414
9.3.2 Firewalls	p. 418
9.3.3 Secure Mobile Code	p. 420
9.3.4 Denial of Service	p. 427
9.4 Security Management	p. 428
9.4.1 Key Management	p. 428
9.4.2 Secure Group Management	p. 433
9.4.3 Authorization Management	p. 434
9.5 Summary	p. 439
10 Distributed Object-Based Systems	p. 443
10.1 Architecture	p. 443
10.1.1 Distributed Objects	p. 444
10.1.2 Example: Enterprise Java Beans	p. 446
10.1.3 Example: Globe Distributed Shared Objects	p. 448
10.2 Processes	p. 451
10.2.1 Object Servers	p. 451
10.2.2 Example: The Ice Runtime System	p. 454
10.3 Communication	p. 456
10.3.1 Binding a Client to an Object	p. 456
10.3.2 Static versus Dynamic Remote Method Invocations	p. 458
10.3.3 Parameter Passing	p. 460
10.3.4 Example: Java RMI	p. 461
10.3.5 Object-Based Messaging	p. 464
10.4 Naming	p. 466
10.4.1 Corba Object References	p. 467
10.4.2 Globe Object References	p. 469
10.5 Synchronization	p. 470
10.6 Consistency and Replication	p. 472
10.6.1 Entry Consistency	p. 472
10.6.2 Replicated Invocations	p. 475
10.7 Fault Tolerance	p. 477
10.7.1 Example: Fault-Tolerant Corba	p. 477
10.7.2 Example: Fault-Tolerant Java	p. 480
10.8 Security	p. 481
10.8.1 Example: Globe	p. 482
10.8.2 Security for Remote Objects	p. 486
10.9 Summary	p. 487
11 Distributed File Systems	p. 491
11.1 Architecture	p. 491
11.1.1 Client-Server Architectures	p. 491
11.1.2 Cluster-Based Distributed File Systems	p. 496
11.1.3 Symmetric Architectures	p. 499
11.2 Processes	p. 501
11.3 Communication	p. 502
11.3.1 RPCs in NFS	p. 502
11.3.2 The RPC2 Subsystem	p. 503
11.3.3 File-Oriented Communication in Plan 9	p. 505
11.4 Naming	p. 506
11.4.1 Naming in NFS	p. 506
11.4.2 Constructing a Global Name Space	p. 512
11.5 Synchronization	p. 513
11.5.1 Semantics of File Sharing	p. 513
11.5.2 File Locking	p. 516
11.5.3 Sharing Files in Coda	p. 518
11.6 Consistency and Replication	p. 519
11.6.1 Client-Side Caching	p. 520
11.6.2 Server-Side Replication	p. 524
11.6.3 Replication in Peer-to-Peer File Systems	p. 526
11.6.4 File Replication in Grid Systems	p. 528
11.7 Fault Tolerance	p. 529
11.7.1 Handling Byzantine Failures	p. 529
11.7.2 High Availability in Peer-to-Peer Systems	p. 531
11.8 Security	p. 532
11.8.1 Security in NFS	p. 533
11.8.2 Decentralized Authentication	p. 536
11.8.3 Secure Peer-to-Peer File-Sharing Systems	p. 539
11.9 Summary	p. 541
12 Distributed Web-Based Systems	p. 545
12.1 Architecture	p. 546
12.1.1 Traditional Web-Based Systems	p. 546
12.1.2 Web Services	p. 551
12.2 Processes	p. 554
12.2.1 Clients	p. 554
12.2.2 The Apache Web Server	p. 556
12.2.3 Web Server Clusters	p. 558
12.3 Communication	p. 560
12.3.1 Hypertext Transfer Protocol	p. 560
12.3.2 Simple Object Access Protocol	p. 566
12.4 Naming	p. 567
12.5 Synchronization	p. 569
12.6 Consistency and Replication	p. 570
12.6.1 Web Proxy Caching	p. 571
12.6.2 Replication for Web Hosting Systems	p. 573
12.6.3 Replication of Web Applications	p. 579
12.7 Fault Tolerance	p. 582
12.8 Security	p. 584
12.9 Summary	p. 585
13 Distributed Coordination-Based Systems	p. 589
13.1 Introduction to Coordination Models	p. 589
13.2 Architectures	p. 591
13.2.1 Overall Approach	p. 592
13.2.2 Traditional Architectures	p. 593
13.2.3 Peer-to-Peer Architectures	p. 596
13.2.4 Mobility and Coordination	p. 599
13.3 Processes	p. 601
13.4 Communication	p. 601
13.4.1 Content-Based Routing	p. 601
13.4.2 Supporting Composite Subscriptions	p. 603
13.5 Naming	p. 604
13.5.1 Describing Composite Events	p. 604
13.5.2 Matching Events and Subscriptions	p. 606
13.6 Synchronization	p. 607
13.7 Consistency and Replication	p. 607
13.7.1 Static Approaches	p. 608
13.7.2 Dynamic Replication	p. 611
13.8 Fault Tolerance	p. 613
13.8.1 Reliable Publish-Subscribe Communication	p. 613
13.8.2 Fault Tolerance in Shared Dataspaces	p. 616
13.9 Security	p. 617
13.9.1 Confidentiality	p. 618
13.9.2 Secure Shared Dataspaces	p. 620
13.10 Summary	p. 621
14 Suggestions for Further Reading and Bibliography	p. 623
14.1 Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 623
14.1.1 Introduction and General Works	p. 623
14.1.2 Architectures	p. 624
14.1.3 Processes	p. 625
14.1.4 Communication	p. 626
14.1.5 Naming	p. 626
14.1.6 Synchronization	p. 627
14.1.7 Consistency and Replication	p. 628
14.1.8 Fault Tolerance	p. 629
14.1.9 Security	p. 630
14.1.10 Distributed Object-Based Systems	p. 631
14.1.11 Distributed File Systems	p. 632
14.1.12 Distributed Web-Based Systems	p. 632
14.1.13 Distributed Coordination-Based Systems	p. 633
14.2 Alphabetical Bibliography	p. 634
Index	p. 669

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