Islam and democracy : state-society relations in developing countries, 1980-1994

Islam and Democracydeals with the pertinent issues of democracy, state-society relations, civil society, and Islam in developing countries and attempts to integrate the recent literature on civil society in the Middle East with the mainstream political science debate on democracy. This study makes use of political science theory and methodology as well as an area-study approach to draw conclusions on the prospects for democratization in developing countries in general. The study further challenges explanations of prospects for the democratization of state grounded on the cultural traits of each society, arguing that culture becomes an important factor in the struggle for democracy only when it contributes to either concentration or dispersion of social, economic, and political resources. (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona, 1993; revised with new preface, bibliography, and index)

Preface	p. ix
Chapter 1 Introduction	p. 1
Methodology and Organization	p. 13
Overview of the Book	p. 24
Notes	p. 26
Chapter 2 Democracy	p. 33
Democracy and Its Evolution	p. 33
Democracy and Its Prerequisites	p. 38
Economic Development and Democracy	p. 43
Democracy and Economic Inequality	p. 46
Culture and Democracy	p. 49
Sociopolitical Variables and Democracy	p. 53
Religion and Democracy	p. 55
The Role of Ideology	p. 58
Islam and Democracy: Some Misconceptions	p. 60
Notes	p. 68
Chapter 3 Theories and Measures of Democractization	p. 77
Society-State Relations and Democratization	p. 78
External Factors	p. 79
Measures for the Explanatory Variables in This Study	p. 82
Democracy and The Quality of Human Development	p. 83
Democracy and the Human Development Index (HDI)	p. 84
Democracy and Economic Inequality or Poverty (AP)	p. 85
Quality of Development and Poverty	p. 86
Organizational Unity of Labor (OUL)	p. 87
State-Society Power Resources	p. 89
State Power	p. 89
State-Society Relations	p. 92
Measures of State Power	p. 93
Measures of Society-State Power Relations	p. 94
Measures of Democratization in this Study	p. 95
Conclusion	p. 105
Notes	p. 106
Chapter 4 Islam, Civil Society, and Democracy	p. 115
Current Studies of Islam in Politics: A Critique	p. 117
Why Resurgent Islam?	p. 120
Ideological Currents in Islam	p. 126
Islam in Power	p. 129
Current Ideological Struggle Within Islam	p. 133
Islam and the Debate on Civil Society	p. 135
The Imperative of Institutionalized Participation for Democracy	p. 140
Islam in Electoral Politics	p. 142
Conclusion: Prospects for Democratization	p. 147
Policy Implications for Islamic Leaders	p. 150
Notes	p. 154
Chapter 5 Empirical Analysis and Alternative Explanations of Democratization	p. 163
Islam and Empirical Findings of Previous Studies	p. 165
Alternative Hypotheses: GNP Per Capita, and Knowledge Distribution	p. 169
The Variables and Their Correlations	p. 174
Should-Be Democracies (Predicted Scores Between 2.3 and 2.9)	p. 189
The Near-Democracies in Less-Developed Countries	p. 192
More-Plausible Near-Democracies (Predicted Scores Between 3.0 and 3.9)	p. 193
Less-Plausible Potential Near-Democracies (Predicted Scores Between 4.1 and 4.7)	p. 199
Least-Plausible Potential-Democracies (Predicted Scores Between 5.1 and 5.8)	p. 206
Conclusion	p. 208
Notes	p. 208
Chapter 6 Conclusion	p. 213
Appendix I.A Measures of Organizational Unity of Labor in Selected Less-Developed Countries, Circa 1987	p. 223
Appendix I.B Measures of Organizational Unity of Labor in Selected Less-Developed Countries, Circa 1992	p. 229
Appendix II Central Government Expenditures as Percentage of GNP for Selected Years (Average)	p. 233
Appendix III Selected Less-Developed Countries' Vital Statistics	p. 237
Index	p. 243

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