Solid-state laser engineering

Başlık:

Yazar:

Koechner, Walter, 1937-

ISBN:

9780387290942

Ek Yazar:

Koechner, Walter, 1937-

Edition:

6th rev. and updated ed.

Yayım Bilgisi:

New York, NY : Springer, c2006.

Fiziksel Tanım:

xvi, 747 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.

Series:

Springer series in optical sciences, v. 1

Series Title:

Springer series in optical sciences, 0342-4111 ; v. 1

Konu Terimleri:

Katı hal lazerler.

Solid-state lasers.

Electronic Access:

Table of contents only http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0612/2005932556.html
Publisher description http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0663/2005932556-d.html
Contributor biographical information http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0824/2005932556-b.html

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Library	Materyal Türü	Barkod	Yer Numarası	Durum
Searching... Pamukkale Merkez Kütüphanesi	Kitap	0050039	TA1705K63 2006	Searching... Unknown

This book, written from an industrial vantage point, describes the characteristics, design, and operation of solid-state lasers. As the title implies, the emphasis is placed on the technical aspects of these systems rather than on theoretical concepts. Lengthy mathematicalderivationshavebeenavoidedbecausethetheoryisnottreatedasanend initself,butratherservestoexplaintheexperimentalresultsobservedinthelaboratory. However, there is suf?cient theoretical background provided in each chapter to make the book self-contained. Solid-State Laser Engineering is mainly intended for the practicing scientist or engineer who is interested in the design or use of solid-state lasers. The response from readers has shown that the comprehensive treatment of the subject makes the work useful also to students of laser physics who want to supplement their theoretical knowledgewiththeengineeringaspectsoflasers.Althoughnotwrittenintheformofa collegetext,thebookmightbeusedinanadvancedcollegecourseonlasertechnology. After a historical overview, the book starts with a review of the basic concepts of laser physics (Chap. 1). Analytical expressions of the threshold condition, gain, and output of laser oscillators are derived in Chap. 3. An oscillator followed by one or more ampli?ers is a common architecture in pulsed solid-state laser systems to boost output energy. Energy storage and gain of ampli?ers is discussed in Chap. 4. Four chapters deal with the basic subsystems of solid-state lasers. These are the active medium, the optical resonator, the pumping system, and the thermal mana- ment. Properties of solid-state laser hosts and active ions are reviewed in Chap. 2.

Author Notes

Walter Koechner received a doctorate in electrical engineering from the University of Technology in Vienna, Austria, in 1965. He has published numerous papers in the fields of solid-state lasers, optics and solid-state physics. Dr. Koechner is founder of Fibertek, Inc., a research company specializing in the design, development and production of advanced solid-state lasers, optical radars, and remote sensing systems.

Preface	p. vii
Introduction	p. 1
1 Energy Transfer Between Radiation and Atomic Transitions	p. 11
1.1 Optical Amplification	p. 11
1.2 Interaction of Radiation with Matter	p. 12
1.2.1 Blackbody Radiation	p. 12
1.2.2 Boltzmann's Statistics	p. 13
1.2.3 Einstein's Coefficients	p. 14
1.2.4 Phase Coherence of Stimulated Emission	p. 17
1.3 Absorption and Optical Gain	p. 18
1.3.1 Atomic Lineshapes	p. 18
1.3.2 Absorption by Stimulated Transitions	p. 22
1.3.3 Population Inversion	p. 25
1.4 Creation of a Population Inversion	p. 27
1.4.1 The Three-Level System	p. 27
1.4.2 The Four-Level System	p. 29
1.4.3 The Metastable Level	p. 30
1.5 Laser Rate Equations	p. 32
1.5.1 The Three-Level System	p. 33
1.5.2 The Four-Level System	p. 35
1.5.3 Comparison of Three- and Four-Level Lasers	p. 36
2 Properties of Solid-State Laser Materials	p. 38
2.1 Overview	p. 40
2.1.1 Host Materials	p. 40
2.1.2 Active Ions	p. 45
2.2 Ruby	p. 51
2.3 Nd:Lasers	p. 54
2.3.1 Nd:YAG	p. 54
2.3.2 Nd:Glass	p. 61
2.3.3 Nd:Cr:GSGG	p. 64
2.3.4 Nd:YLF	p. 66
2.3.5 Nd:YVO[subscript 4]	p. 69
2.4 Er:Lasers	p. 73
2.4.1 Er:YAG	p. 73
2.4.2 Er:Glass	p. 75
2.5 Tunable Lasers	p. 79
2.5.1 Alexandrite Laser	p. 84
2.5.2 Ti:Sapphire	p. 88
2.5.3 Cr:LiSAF	p. 91
2.5.4 Tm:YAG	p. 94
2.6 Yb:YAG	p. 97
3 Laser Oscillator	p. 102
3.1 Operation at Threshold	p. 103
3.2 Gain Saturation	p. 108
3.3 Circulating Power	p. 109
3.4 Oscillator Performance Model	p. 111
3.4.1 Conversion of Input to Output Energy	p. 112
3.4.2 Laser Output	p. 118
3.5 Relaxation Oscillations	p. 128
3.5.1 Theory	p. 128
3.5.2 Spike Suppression	p. 132
3.5.3 Gain Switching	p. 133
3.6 Examples of Laser Oscillators	p. 134
3.6.1 Lamp-Pumped cw Nd:YAG Laser	p. 134
3.6.2 Diode Side-Pumped Nd:YAG Laser	p. 139
3.6.3 End-Pumped Systems	p. 148
3.7 Ring Laser	p. 152
4 Laser Amplifier	p. 156
4.1 Single- and Multiple-Pass Pulse Amplifiers	p. 157
4.1.1 Pulse Amplification	p. 158
4.1.2 Nd:YAG Amplifiers	p. 163
4.1.3 Nd:Glass Amplifiers	p. 171
4.1.4 Multipass Amplifier Configurations	p. 177
4.2 Regenerative Amplifiers	p. 180
4.3 cw Amplifiers	p. 188
4.4 Signal Distortions	p. 190
4.4.1 Spatial Distortions	p. 190
4.4.2 Temporal Distortions	p. 193
4.5 Depopulation Losses	p. 194
4.5.1 Amplified Spontaneous Emission	p. 195
4.5.2 Prelasing and Parasitic Modes	p. 198
4.5.3 Reduction of Depopulation Losses	p. 199
4.6 Self-Focusing	p. 200
4.6.1 Whole-Beam Self-Focusing	p. 201
4.6.2 Examples of Self-focusing in Nd:YAG Lasers	p. 203
4.6.3 Small-Scale Self-Focusing	p. 206
4.6.4 Suppression of Self-Focusing	p. 207
5 Optical Resonator	p. 210
5.1 Transverse Modes	p. 210
5.1.1 Intensity Distribution	p. 211
5.1.2 Characteristics of a Gaussian Beam	p. 215
5.1.3 Resonator Configurations	p. 217
5.1.4 Stability of Laser Resonators	p. 221
5.1.5 Diffraction Losses	p. 223
5.1.6 Higher-Order Modes	p. 224
5.1.7 Mode Selection	p. 227
5.1.8 Active Resonator	p. 231
5.1.9 Examples of Resonator Designs	p. 238
5.1.10 Resonator Modeling and Software Packages	p. 254
5.2 Longitudinal Modes	p. 255
5.2.1 The Fabry-Perot Interferometer	p. 255
5.2.2 Laser Resonator with Gain Medium	p. 259
5.2.3 Longitudinal Mode Control	p. 263
5.2.4 Injection Seeding	p. 268
5.3 Intensity and Frequency Control	p. 271
5.3.1 Amplitude Fluctuations	p. 271
5.3.2 Frequency Tuning	p. 274
5.3.3 Frequency Locking	p. 276
5.4 Hardware Design	p. 278
5.5 Unstable Resonators	p. 282
5.5.1 Confocal Positive-Branch Unstable Resonator	p. 284
5.5.2 Negative-Branch Unstable Resonator	p. 287
5.5.3 Variable Reflectivity Output Couplers	p. 289
5.5.4 Gain, Mode Size, and Alignment Sensitivity	p. 295
5.6 Wavelength Selection	p. 297
6 Optical Pump Systems	p. 300
6.1 Pump Sources	p. 300
6.1.1 Flashlamps	p. 303
6.1.2 Continuous Arc Lamps	p. 334
6.1.3 Laser Diodes	p. 340
6.2 Pump Radiation Transfer Methods	p. 366
6.2.1 Side-Pumping with Lamps	p. 368
6.2.2 Side-Pumping with Diodes	p. 393
6.2.3 End-Pumped Lasers	p. 407
6.2.4 Face-Pumped Disks	p. 418
7 Thermo-Optic Effects	p. 423
7.1 Cylindrical Geometry	p. 426
7.1.1 Temperature Distribution	p. 426
7.1.2 Thermal Stresses	p. 437
7.1.3 Photoelastic Effects	p. 440
7.1.4 Thermal Lensing	p. 442
7.1.5 Stress Birefringence	p. 445
7.1.6 Compensation of Optical Distortions	p. 449
7.2 Slab and Disk Geometries	p. 457
7.2.1 Rectangular-Slab Laser	p. 458
7.2.2 Slab Laser with Zigzag Optical Path	p. 461
7.2.3 Disk Amplifiers and Lasers	p. 469
7.3 End-Pumped Configurations	p. 473
7.3.1 Thermal Gradients and Stress	p. 473
7.3.2 Thermal Lensing	p. 477
7.3.3 Thermal Fracture Limit	p. 479
7.4 Thermal Management	p. 481
7.4.1 Liquid Cooling	p. 481
7.4.2 Conduction Cooling	p. 485
7.4.3 Air/Gas Cooling	p. 486
8 Q-Switching	p. 488
8.1 Q-Switch Theory	p. 488
8.1.1 Fast Q-Switch	p. 490
8.1.2 Slow Q-Switching	p. 493
8.1.3 Continuously Pumped, Repetitively Q-Switched Systems	p. 494
8.2 Mechanical Q-Switches	p. 498
8.3 Electro-Optical Q-Switches	p. 499
8.3.1 KDP and KD*P Pockels Cells	p. 502
8.3.2 LiNbO[subscript 3] Pockels Cells	p. 506
8.3.3 Prelasing and Postlasing	p. 508
8.3.4 Depolarization Losses	p. 511
8.3.5 Drivers for Electro-Optic Q-Switches	p. 514
8.4 Acousto-Optic Q-Switches	p. 514
8.4.1 Bragg Reflection	p. 516
8.4.2 Device Characteristics	p. 519
8.5 Passive Q-Switches	p. 522
8.6 Cavity Dumping	p. 529
9 Mode Locking	p. 534
9.1 Pulse Formation	p. 535
9.2 Passive Mode Locking	p. 542
9.2.1 Liquid Dye Saturable Absorber	p. 543
9.2.2 Coupled-Cavity Mode Locking	p. 546
9.2.3 Kerr Lens Mode Locking	p. 548
9.2.4 Semiconductor Saturable Absorber Mirror (SESAM)	p. 556
9.3 Active Mode Locking	p. 560
9.3.1 cw Mode Locking	p. 561
9.3.2 Transient Active Mode Locking	p. 564
9.4 Picosecond Lasers	p. 568
9.4.1 AM Mode Locking	p. 569
9.4.2 FM Mode Locking	p. 572
9.5 Femtosecond Lasers	p. 575
9.5.1 Laser Materials	p. 575
9.5.2 Dispersion Compensation	p. 576
9.5.3 Examples of Kerr Lens or SESAM Mode-Locked Femtosecond Lasers	p. 579
9.5.4 Chirped Pulse Amplifiers	p. 584
10 Nonlinear Devices	p. 587
10.1 Nonlinear Optical Effects	p. 587
10.1.1 Second-Order Nonlinearities	p. 589
10.1.2 Third-Order Nonlinearities	p. 590
10.2 Harmonic Generation	p. 592
10.2.1 Basic Theory of Second Harmonic Generation	p. 594
10.2.2 Phase Matching	p. 602
10.2.3 Properties of Nonlinear Crystals	p. 611
10.2.4 Intracavity Frequency Doubling	p. 618
10.2.5 Third Harmonic Generation	p. 625
10.2.6 Examples of Harmonic Generation	p. 629
10.3 Optical Parametric Oscillators	p. 634
10.3.1 Performance Modeling	p. 637
10.3.2 Crystals	p. 649
10.3.3 Quasi Phase Matching	p. 652
10.3.4 Design and Performance	p. 655
10.4 Raman Laser	p. 662
10.4.1 Theory	p. 663
10.4.2 Device Implementation	p. 666
10.5 Optical Phase Conjugation	p. 669
10.5.1 Basic Considerations	p. 669
10.5.2 Material Properties	p. 671
10.5.3 Focusing Geometry	p. 673
10.5.4 Pump-Beam Properties	p. 673
10.5.5 System Design	p. 676
11 Damage of Optical Elements	p. 680
11.1 Surface Damage	p. 681
11.2 Inclusion Damage	p. 684
11.3 Damage Threshold of Optical Materials	p. 684
11.3.1 Scaling Laws	p. 685
11.3.2 Laser Host Materials	p. 688
11.3.3 Optical Glass	p. 689
11.3.4 Nonlinear Crystals	p. 690
11.3.5 Dielectric Thin Films	p. 694
11.4 System Design Considerations	p. 698
11.4.1 Choice of Materials	p. 698
11.4.2 Design of System	p. 699
11.4.3 System Operation	p. 700
Appendix A Laser Safety	p. 702
Appendix B Conversion Factors and Constants	p. 708
Appendix C Definition of Symbols	p. 711
References	p. 716
Subject Index	p. 742

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