Lexical phrases and language teaching

Recent second language acquisition research is used here to present a language teaching programme based on the use of 'prefabricated language'. The authors show that the unit of language they term the 'lexical phrase' can serve as an effective basis for both second and foreign language learning.

Author Notes

James R. Nattinger taught English at tertiary level in Spain, China and the US, and was a professor in the Department of Applied Linguistics at Portland State University. Jeanette S. DeCarrico is Professor in Linguistics and Chair of the Department of Applied Linguistics at Portland State University. She has delivered many workshops, and has several publications and papers to her name.

Acknowledgements	p. xii
Preface	p. xiii
Part 1 Lexical phrases in language description
1 The nature and description of lexical phrases	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Competence, performance, and pragmatics	p. 2
1.2.1 Pragmatics as competence versus pragmatics as performance	p. 3
1.2.2 The nature of competence	p. 6
Pragmatic competence	p. 6
Pragmatic competence and form/function composites	p. 11
Conventions of lexical phrase selection	p. 17
Processing effort	p. 19
1.3 Computer analysis of text	p. 19
1.3.1 Collocations in computer analysis	p. 20
1.3.2 Collocations in natural language processing	p. 22
1.4 Prefabricated language and language acquisition	p. 24
1.4.1 Invariable routines and variable patterns	p. 24
1.4.2 The role of prefabricated language	p. 25
2 Formal aspects of lexical phrases	p. 31
2.1 Introduction	p. 31
2.2 Prefabricated language and psychological processing	p. 31
2.2.1 Idioms and clichés	p. 32
2.2.2 Non-canonical phrases	p. 33
2.2.3 Variability as points on a continuum	p. 34
2.2.4 From less variable to more variable	p. 35
2.3 Lexical phrases as variable units	p. 36
2.3.1 Lexical phrases, collocations, and syntax	p. 36
2.3.2 Categories of lexical phrase	p. 37
2.4 Issues of form and flexibility	p. 47
2.4.1 Indirect speech acts as lexical phrase sentence builders	p. 47
2.4.2 Non-conventional indirect speech acts	p. 48
2.4.3 Conventional indirect speech acts	p. 49
2.4.4 Conventionalized sets and basic lexical phrase frames	p. 49
2.4.5 Distinctions in variability and lexical phrase types	p. 54
3 Functional aspects of lexical phrases	p. 59
3.1 Introduction	p. 59
3.2 Functions of lexical phrases	p. 59
3.2.1 Social interactions	p. 60
3.2.2 Necessary topics	p. 63
3.2.3 Discourse devices	p. 64
3.2.4 Forms of lexical phrases in functional groups	p. 65
3.2.5 Lexical phrases in other languages	p. 66
3.3 Lexical phrases in conversational discourse	p. 71
3.3.1 Patterns in conversation	p. 71
3.3.2 Interconnected functions	p. 72
3.4 Lexical phrases in transactional discourse	p. 74
3.4.1 Interactional versus transactional discourse	p. 75
3.4.2 The role of discourse devices	p. 75
3.5 Transactional spoken discourse	p. 76
3.5.1 Characteristics of discourse devices in spoken transactional discourse	p. 77
3.5.2 Spoken versus written discourse devices	p. 78
3.6 Transactional written discourse	p. 81
3.6.1 Patterns in writing	p. 82
3.6.2 Characteristics of discourse devices in written discourse	p. 82
3.6.3 Integration	p. 84
3.6.4 Detachment	p. 85
4 The organizing function of lexical phrases	p. 90
4.1 Introduction	p. 90
4.2 Macro-organizers	p. 90
4.2.1 The signaling function of macro-organizers in transactional discourse	p. 91
4.2.2 Double markers	p. 93
4.3 Levels of discourse: co-ordination and subordination macro-organizers	p. 94
4.3.1 Levels and patterns: macro-organizers versus interactional discourse markers	p. 97
4.3.2 Category divisions	p. 102
4.3.3 Processing strategies: top-down and bottom-up	p. 103
4.3.4 Textbook models	p. 104
4.4 Micro-organizers	p. 104
4.4.1 Macro/micro distinctions	p. 105
4.4.2 Macro/micro forms and functions	p. 106
4.4.3 Phrase length	p. 107
4.4.4 Dual functions	p. 108
Part 2 Applications for language teaching
5 Teaching spoken discourse: conversation	p. 113
5.1 Introduction	p. 113
5.2 Advantages of teaching lexical phrases	p. 114
5.3 Teaching conversation with lexical phrases	p. 116
5.3.1 How learners learn a language	p. 116
5.3.2 Why learners learn a language	p. 118
5.3.3 Teaching activities	p. 118
5.4 Indirect speech acts	p. 121
5.4.1 Universal functions and language-specific forms	p. 124
5.4.2 Teaching indirect speech acts	p. 127
6 Teaching spoken discourse: listening comprehension	p. 131
6.1 Introduction	p. 131
6.2 Lexical phrases in academic lectures	p. 132
6.2.1 Macro-organizer functions in academic lectures	p. 132
6.2.2 The recognition problem	p. 133
6.3 Styles of academic lectures	p. 134
6.3.1 Lecture styles and macro-organizer characteristics	p. 135
6.3.2 Style switching	p. 140
6.4 The function of macro-organizers in comprehendinglectures	p. 142
6.4.1 Range of functions in lecture discourse: a comprehension problem	p. 143
6.4.2 Patterns of frequency in lecture discourse	p. 150
6.5 Teaching lexical phrases for the comprehension oflectures	p. 150
6.5.1 Reading and vocabulary class	p. 151
6.5.2 Listening comprehension class	p. 152
7 Teaching written discourse: reading and writing	p. 157
7.1 Introduction	p. 157
7.2 Theoretical stances	p. 157
7.2.1 Written discourse as both process and product	p. 157
7.2.2 Writers and readers as active participants	p. 159
7.3 Teaching written discourse	p. 160
7.3.1 Knowledge of discourse forms	p. 161
7.3.2 Sentence-based perspective	p. 161
7.3.3 Process-centered discourse perspective	p. 163
7.4 The structure of three kinds of written discourse	p. 164
7.4.1 Structure of a formal essay	p. 164
7.4.2 Structure of an informal letter	p. 167
7.4.3 Structure of a business letter	p. 168
7.5 Teaching written discourse with lexical phrases	p. 169
8 Conclusions and prospects	p. 174
8.1 Introduction	p. 174
8.2 The need for further empirical research	p. 174
8.3 The theoretical nature of lexical phrases: further inquiry	p. 176
8.3.1 Criteria for defining language patterns	p. 176
8.3.2 Criteria for defining categories of lexical phrases	p. 178
8.3.3 Discourse analysis	p. 180
8.3.4 Lexicography	p. 181
8.4 Language acquisition	p. 183
8.5 Teaching	p. 185
Appendix	p. 190
Bibliography	p. 205
Index	p. 213

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