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Library | Materyal Türü | Barkod | Yer Numarası | Durum |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Searching... Pamukkale Merkez Kütüphanesi | Kitap | 0050217 | QE28.3W53 2004 | Searching... Unknown |
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HISTORICAL GEOLOGY: EVOLUTION OF EARTH AND LIFE THROUGH TIME teaches students basic geologic principles as well as how scientists apply these principles to unravel Earth's history. Wicander and Monroe present a balanced overview of both the geological and biological history of Earth as a continuum of inter-related events. These events reflect the underlying principles and processes that have shaped our planet. The authors also explain the historical development of these basic principles and processes, and their importance in deciphering Earth history. Three major themes-time, evolutionary theory, and plate tectonics-are woven together throughout the book. These themes help students link essential material to enhance their understanding of historical geology.
Table of Contents
| Chapter 1 The Dynamic and Evolving Earth | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 2 |
| What Is Geology? | p. 2 |
| Historical Geology and the Formulation of Theories | p. 3 |
| Origin of the Universe and the Solar System, and Earth's Place in Them | p. 4 |
| Perspective 1.1 Interpreting Earth History | p. 5 |
| Why Is Earth a Dynamic and Evolving Planet? | p. 8 |
| Organic Evolution and the History of Life | p. 10 |
| Geologic Time and Uniformitarianism | p. 11 |
| How Does the Study of Historical Geology Benefit Us? | p. 12 |
| Summary | p. 13 |
| Chapter 2 Earth Materials: Minerals and Rocks | p. 15 |
| Introduction | p. 16 |
| Matter and Its Composition | p. 17 |
| Minerals--The Building Blocks of Rocks | p. 18 |
| How Many Minerals Are There? | p. 19 |
| Rock-Forming Minerals and the Rock Cycle | p. 20 |
| Igneous Rocks | p. 20 |
| Sedimentary Rocks | p. 22 |
| Metamorphic Rocks | p. 26 |
| Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle | p. 28 |
| Earth Materials and Historical Geology | p. 29 |
| Summary | p. 30 |
| Chapter 3 Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory | p. 32 |
| Introduction | p. 33 |
| Early Ideas about Continental Drift | p. 33 |
| Perspective 3.1 Oil, Plate Tectonics, and Politics | p. 34 |
| Paleomagnetism and Polar Wandering | p. 37 |
| How Do Magnetic Reversals Relate to Seafloor Spreading? | p. 38 |
| Plate Tectonics and Plate Boundaries | p. 39 |
| What Are Hot Sports and Mantle Plumes? | p. 47 |
| How Are Plate Movement and Motion Determined? | p. 48 |
| What Is the Driving Mechanism of Plate Tectonics? | p. 49 |
| How Are Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building Related? | p. 50 |
| How Does Plate Tectonics Affect the Distribution of Life? | p. 51 |
| How Does Plate Tectonics Affect the Distribution of Natural Resources? | p. 52 |
| Summary | p. 54 |
| Chapter 4 Geologic Time: Concepts and Principles | p. 56 |
| Introduction | p. 57 |
| How Has the Concept of Geologic Time and Earth's Age Changed Throughout Human History? | p. 58 |
| Perspective 4.1 Geologic Time and Climate Change | p. 59 |
| What Are Relative Dating Methods, and Why Are They Important? | p. 59 |
| Establishment of Geology as a Science--The Triumph of Uniformitarianism over Neptunism and Catastrophism | p. 60 |
| Lord Kelvin and a Crisis in Geology | p. 63 |
| What Are Absolute Dating Methods, and Why Are They Important? | p. 63 |
| Summary | p. 69 |
| Chapter 5 Rocks, Fossils, and Time--Making Sense of the Geologic Record | p. 72 |
| Introduction | p. 73 |
| Stratigraphy | p. 73 |
| Perspective 5.1 Fossils and Uniformitarianism | p. 82 |
| Fossilization and Fossils | p. 79 |
| The Relative Geologic Time Scale | p. 86 |
| Stratigraphic Terminology | p. 87 |
| Correlation | p. 88 |
| Absolute Dates and the Relative Geologic Time Scale | p. 90 |
| Summary | p. 92 |
| Chapter 6 Sedimentary Rocks--The Archives of Earth History | p. 94 |
| Introduction | p. 95 |
| Sedimentary Rock Properties | p. 95 |
| Perspective 6.1 Determining the Relative Ages of Deformed Sedimentary Rocks | p. 99 |
| Depositional Environments | p. 102 |
| Environmental Interpretations and Historical Geology | p. 109 |
| Paleogeography | p. 111 |
| Summary | p. 112 |
| Chapter 7 Evolution--The Theory and Its Supporting Evidence | p. 114 |
| Introduction | p. 115 |
| Evolution: What Does It Mean? | p. 116 |
| Perspective 7.1 The Tragic Lysenko Affair | p. 118 |
| Mendel and the Birth of Genetics | p. 118 |
| The Modern View of Evolution | p. 120 |
| What Kinds of Evidence Support Evolutionary Theory? | p. 127 |
| Perspective 7.2 The Fossil Record and Missing Links | p. 133 |
| Summary | p. 134 |
| Chapter 8 Precambrian Earth and Life History--The Hadean and Archean | p. 136 |
| Introduction | p. 137 |
| What Happened during the Hadean? | p. 138 |
| Continental Foundations--Shields, Platforms, and Cratons | p. 139 |
| Archean Plate Tectonics and the Origin of Cratons | p. 142 |
| The Atmosphere and Hydrosphere | p. 143 |
| The First Organisms | p. 145 |
| Perspective 8.1 Submarine Hydrothermal Vents and the Origin of Life | p. 148 |
| Archean Mineral Resources | p. 149 |
| Summary | p. 150 |
| Chapter 9 Precambrian Earth and Life History--The Proterozoic Eon | p. 153 |
| Introduction | p. 154 |
| Evolution Of Proterozoic Continents | p. 154 |
| Proterozoic Supercontinents | p. 160 |
| Ancient Glaciers and Their Deposits | p. 160 |
| The Evolving Atmosphere | p. 160 |
| Important Events in Life History | p. 164 |
| Proterozoic Mineral Resources | p. 169 |
| Perspective 9.1 BIF: From Mine to Steel Mill | p. 170 |
| Summary | p. 171 |
| Chapter 10 Early Paleozoic Earth History | p. 174 |
| Introduction | p. 175 |
| Continental Architecture: Cratons and Mobile Belts | p. 175 |
| Paleozoic Paleogeography | p. 176 |
| Early Paleozoic Evolution of North America | p. 179 |
| The Sauk Sequence | p. 179 |
| The Tippecanoe Sequence | p. 181 |
| Perspective 10.1 Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore | p. 182 |
| The Appalachian Mobile Belt and the Taconic Orogeny | p. 187 |
| Early Paleozoic Mineral Resources | p. 190 |
| Summary | p. 191 |
| Chapter 11 Late Paleozoic Earth History | p. 194 |
| Introduction | p. 195 |
| Late Paleozoic Paleogeography | p. 195 |
| Late Paleozoic Evolution of North America | p. 198 |
| The Kaskaskia Sequence | p. 198 |
| Perspective 11.1 The Canning Basin, Australia--A Devonian Great Barrier Reef | p. 201 |
| The Absaroka Sequence | p. 201 |
| History of the Late Paleozoic Mobile Belts | p. 207 |
| What Role Did Microplates and Terranes Play in the Formation of Pangaea? | p. 211 |
| Late Paleozoic Mineral Resources | p. 211 |
| Summary | p. 212 |
| Chapter 12 Paleozoic Life History: Invertebrates | p. 216 |
| Introduction | p. 217 |
| What Was the Cambrian Explosion? | p. 217 |
| The Emergence of a Shelly Fauna | p. 218 |
| Paleozoic Invertebrate Marine Life | p. 219 |
| Perspective 12.1 Mass Extinctions and Their Possible Causes | p. 226 |
| Summary | p. 230 |
| Chapter 13 Paleozoic Life History: Vertebrates and Plants | p. 234 |
| Introduction | p. 235 |
| Vertebrate Evolution | p. 235 |
| Fish | p. 236 |
| Amphibians--Vertebrates Invade the Land | p. 240 |
| Evolution of the Reptiles--The Land Is Conquered | p. 242 |
| Plant Evolution | p. 245 |
| Perspective 13.1 Palynology: A Link Between Geology and Biology | p. 246 |
| Summary | p. 252 |
| Chapter 14 Mesozoic Earth History | p. 255 |
| Introduction | p. 256 |
| The Breakup of Pangaea | p. 256 |
| Mesozoic History of North America | p. 259 |
| Continental Interior | p. 260 |
| Eastern Coastal Region | p. 260 |
| Gulf Coastal Region | p. 262 |
| Western Region | p. 263 |
| Perspective 14.1 Petrified Forest National Park | p. 269 |
| What Role Did Accretion of Terranes Play in the Growth of Western North America? | p. 272 |
| Mesozoic Mineral Resources | p. 273 |
| Summary | p. 275 |
| Chapter 15 Life of the Mesozoic Era | p. 278 |
| Introduction | p. 279 |
| Marine Invertebrates and Phytoplankton | p. 279 |
| Aquatic and Semiaquatic Vertebrates--Fish and Amphibians | p. 281 |
| Plants-Primary Producers on Land | p. 282 |
| The Diversification of Reptiles | p. 283 |
| Perspective 15.1 Dinosaur Behavior | p. 286 |
| From Reptiles to Birds | p. 290 |
| Perspective 15.2 Vertebrates and the Origin of Flight | p. 293 |
| Origin and Early Evolution of Mammals | p. 293 |
| Mesozoic Climates and Paleogeography | p. 296 |
| Mass Extinctions--A Crisis in the History of Life | p. 297 |
| Summary | p. 298 |
| Chapter 16 Cenozoic Geologic History: The Tertiary Period | p. 302 |
| Introduction | p. 303 |
| Cenozoic Plate Tectonics--An Overview | p. 303 |
| Cenozoic Orogenic Belts | p. 304 |
| The North American Cordillera | p. 309 |
| Perspective 16.1 Geologic History of the Teton Range | p. 313 |
| The Continental Interior | p. 319 |
| Cenozoic History of the Appalachian Mountains | p. 319 |
| The Southern and Eastern Continental Margins | p. 319 |
| Tertiary Mineral Resources | p. 324 |
| Summary | p. 324 |
| Chapter 17 Cenozoic Geologic History: The Quaternary Period | p. 328 |
| Introduction | p. 329 |
| Pleistocene and Holocene Tectonism and Volcanism | p. 329 |
| Pleistocene Stratigraphy | p. 330 |
| Perspective 17.1 Supervolcanoes and the Origin of the Yellowstone Caldera | p. 332 |
| Onset of the Ice Age | p. 335 |
| Glaciation and Its Effects | p. 337 |
| What Caused Pleistocene Glaciation? | p. 342 |
| Quaternary Mineral Resources | p. 345 |
| Summary | p. 346 |
| Chapter 18 Life of the Cenozoic Era | p. 348 |
| Introduction | p. 349 |
| Marine Invertebrates and Phytoplankton | p. 349 |
| Cenozoic Vegetation and Climate | p. 351 |
| Cenozoic Birds | p. 352 |
| The Age of Mammals Begins | p. 353 |
| Diversification of Placental Mammals | p. 354 |
| Perspective 18.1 Not All Giant Land Animals Were Dinosaurs | p. 356 |
| Mammals of the Tertiary Period | p. 357 |
| Pleistocene Faunas | p. 365 |
| Intercontinental Migrations | p. 367 |
| Summary | p. 368 |
| Chapter 19 Primate and Human Evolution | p. 371 |
| Introduction | p. 372 |
| What Are Primates? | p. 372 |
| Prosimians | p. 372 |
| Anthropoids | p. 374 |
| Hominids | p. 375 |
| Perspective 19.1 Footprints at Laetoli | p. 378 |
| Summary | p. 384 |
| Epilogue | p. 386 |
| Appendix A Metric Conversion Chart | p. 388 |
| Appendix B Classification of Organisms | p. 389 |
| Appendix C Mineral Identification | p. 394 |
| Glossary | p. 398 |
| Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions | p. 407 |
| Credits | p. 408 |
| Index | p. 411 |
