Igneous petrology

Igneous Petrology provides up-to-date, integrated, comprehensive coverage of physical and chemical facets of magmatic rocks and magma systems. Field relations and fabrics of rocks together with their mineralogical, chemical and isotopic compositions facilitate interpretation of rock origin. The dynamic evolution of magma systems is considered from thermodynamics and from their chemical, physical and kinetic properties. Sources of magmas and how they are generated and subsequently evolve are considered in the context of global tectonics. The textbook stresses petrologic processes while also providing thorough descriptions of rock products suitable for the undergraduate student.

Organized in terms of chemical and physical phenomena.
Includes new insights into intrusive and volcanic processes-especially, explosive volcanism in field petrology.
Contains new data in physical petrology.
Focuses on the latest research of magma properties and experimental and theoretical modeling.
Consists of new coverage of trace element characterization of rock associations and modeling.
Well illustrated text with a 6-page, 4-color insert.
For ease of use, the quantitative material is set aside in boxes and in certain chapters.
Features "Fundamental questions considered in the chapter" which provide a brief, chapter preview.
"Critical thinking questions" allow the students to expand their command of the subject.
Contains a comprehensive glossary along with a list of cited references.
Additional problem sets will be available on the web.

Preface
Chapter 1 Overview of Fundamental Concepts
1.1 Energy and the Mantle Heat Engine	p. 2
1.1.1 Forms of Energy	p. 2
1.1.2 Flow and Transformation of Energy	p. 3
1.1.3 Heat Flow in the Earth	p. 3
1.1.4 Implications of Mantle Convection	p. 8
1.1.5 Energy Budget of the Earth	p. 9
1.2 Gravity, Pressure, and Geobaric Gradient	p. 10
1.3 Rock-Forming Processes as Changing States of Geologic Systems	p. 10
1.4 Rock Properties and Their Significance	p. 11
1.4.1 Composition	p. 12
1.4.2 Field Relations	p. 13
1.4.3 Fabric	p. 14
1.5 How Petrologists Study Rocks	p. 14
Chapter 2 Composition and Classification of Magmatic Rocks
2.1 Analytical Procedures	p. 16
2.1.1 Sampling	p. 16
2.1.2 Analyses	p. 17
2.2 Mineral Composition of Magmatic Rocks	p. 22
2.2.1 Glass	p. 22
2.3 Chemical Composition of Magmatic Rocks	p. 23
2.3.1 Variation Diagrams	p. 23
2.3.2 Continuous Spectrum of Rock Compositions	p. 24
2.4 Classification of Magmatic Rocks	p. 25
2.4.1 Classification Based on Fabric	p. 27
2.4.2 Classification Based on Field Relations	p. 27
2.4.3 Classification Based on Mineralogical and Modal Composition	p. 28
2.4.4 Classification Based on Whole-Rock Chemical Composition	p. 30
2.4.5 Rock Suites	p. 35
2.4.6 Classification of Basalt	p. 37
2.5 Trace Elements	p. 37
2.5.1 Partition Coefficients and Trace Element Compatibility	p. 38
2.5.2 Rare Earth Elements	p. 40
2.5.3 Other Normalized Trace Element Diagrams	p. 42
2.6 Isotopes	p. 44
2.6.1 Stable Isotopes	p. 44
2.6.2 Radiogenic Isotopes	p. 45
2.6.3 Cosmogenic Isotopes: Beryllium	p. 47
Chapter 3 Thermodynamic and Kinetics: an Introduction
3.1 Why is Thermodynamics Important?	p. 51
3.2 Elementary Concepts of Thermodynamics	p. 52
3.2.1 Thermodynamic States, Processes, and State Variables	p. 52
3.2.2 First Law of Thermodynamics	p. 53
3.2.3 Enthalpy	p. 53
3.2.4 Enthropy and the Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics	p. 54
3.2.5 Gibbs Free Energy	p. 55
3.3 Stability (Phase) Diagrams	p. 56
3.3.1 Slope of the Melting Curve	p. 57
3.3.2 Determination of Phase Diagrams	p. 58
3.4 Thermodynamics of Solutions: Some Basic Concepts	p. 59
3.4.1 Components and Mole Fractions	p. 59
3.4.2 Partial Molar Volume	p. 59
3.4.3 Partial Molar Gibbs Free Energy: The Chemical Potential	p. 60
3.4.4 P-T-X Phase Diagram	p. 61
3.5 Application of Thermodynamics to Solutions	p. 61
3.5.1 Fugacity and Activity	p. 61
3.5.2 Equilibrium Constants	p. 62
3.5.3 Silica Activity, Silica Buffers, and Silica Saturation	p. 63
3.5.4 Oxygen Buffers	p. 64
3.5.5 Fe-Ti Oxide Buffers: Oxygen Geobarometers and Geothermometers	p. 66
3.6 Kinetics	p. 66
3.6.1 Activation Energy	p. 67
3.6.2 Overstepping and Metastable Persistence and Growth	p. 68
Chapter 4 Silicate Melts and Volatile Fluids in Magma Systems
4.1 Nature of Magma	p. 72
4.1.1 Atomic Structure of Melts	p. 73
4.2 Volatile Fluids in Melts	p. 75
4.2.1 Nature of Volatiles	p. 75
4.2.2 Solubilities of Volatiles in Silicate Melts	p. 76
4.2.3 Exsolution of Volatiles from a Melt	p. 79
4.3 Consequences of Fluid Exsolution from Melts	p. 80
4.3.1 Explosive Volcanism	p. 80
4.3.2 Global Atmosphere and Climate	p. 82
4.3.3 Fumaroles, Hydrothermal Solutions, Ore Deposits, and Geothermal Reservoirs	p. 84
Chapter 5 Crystal-Melt Equilibria in Magmatic Systems
5.1 Phase Diagrams	p. 87
5.1.1 Phase Rule	p. 87
5.2 Melting of a Pure Mineral and Polymorphism	p. 89
5.2.1 Volatile-Free Equilibria	p. 89
5.2.2 Melting of a Pure Mineral in the Presence of Volatiles	p. 89
5.3 Phase Relations in Binary Systems	p. 90
5.3.1 Basic Concepts: CaMgSi[subscript 2]O[subscript 6] (Di)-CaAl[subscript 2]Si[subscript 2]O[subscript 8] (An) System at P = 1 atm	p. 90
5.3.2 Mg[subscript 2]SiO[subscript 4]-SiO[subscript 2] System at 1 atm	p. 93
5.4 Crystal-Melt Equilibria in Real Basalt Magmas	p. 98
5.4.1 Makaopuhi Basalt	p. 98
5.4.2 Basalt Magmas at High Pressures and High Water Concentrations	p. 99
5.5 Feldspar-Melt Equilibria	p. 100
5.5.1 KAlSi[subscript 3]O[subscript 8] (Kf)-CaAl[subscript 2]Si[subscript 2]O[subscript 8] (An) Binary System: Limited Solid Solution	p. 100
5.5.2 NaAlSi[subscript 3]O[subscript 8] (Ab)-CaAl[subscript 2]Si[subscript 2]O[subscript 8] (An) Binary Plagioclase System: Complete Solid Solution	p. 101
5.5.3 NaAlSi[subscript 3]O[subscript 8] (Ab)-KAlSi[subscript 3]O[subscript 8] (Kf) Binary Alkali Feldspar System	p. 102
5.5.4 KAlSi[subscript 3]O[subscript 8] (Kf)-NaAlSi[subscript 3]O[subscript 8] (Ab)-CaAl[subscript 2]Si[subscript 2]O[subscript 8] (An) Ternary Feldspar System	p. 104
5.5.5 KAlSi[subscript 3]O[subscript 8] (Kf)-NaAlSi[subscript 3]O[subscript 8] (Ab)-SiO[subscript 2] (silica)-H[subscript 2]O: The Granite System	p. 108
5.6 Crystal-Melt Equilibria Involving Anhydrous Mafic Minerals: Olivine and Pyroxene	p. 112
5.7 Crystal-Melt Equilibria in Hydrous Magma Systems	p. 113
5.7.1 Equilibria in the Granodiorite-Water System	p. 113
5.7.2 Equilibria Involving Melt and Micas and Amphiboles	p. 114
5.8 Geothermometers and Geobarometers	p. 117
5.8.1 Assessing States of Equilibrium in Rocks	p. 117
5.9 A Brief Comment Regarding Subsolidus Reactions in Magmatic Rocks	p. 118
Chapter 6 Chemical Dynamics of Melts and Crystals
6.1 Viscosity of Melts	p. 122
6.2 Chemical Diffusion	p. 126
6.2.1 Types of Diffusion	p. 126
6.2.2 Theory and Measurement	p. 127
6.2.3 Factors Governing Diffusivities	p. 128
6.2.4 Average Diffusion Distance	p. 129
6.2.5 Soret Diffusion	p. 129
6.3 Diffusion of Heat	p. 130
6.3.1 The Role of Body Shape on Conductive Cooling	p. 131
6.4 Interfacial Energy	p. 131
6.5 Crystallization	p. 133
6.5.1 Why Is It Important to Study Nucleation and Crystallization?	p. 133
6.5.2 Nucleation	p. 133
6.5.3 Crystal Growth	p. 135
6.5.4 Crystal Size in Magmatic Rocks	p. 137
6.6 Secondary Overprinting Processes Modifying Primary Crystal Size and Shape	p. 139
6.6.1 Crystal Dissolution	p. 139
6.6.2 Textural Equilibration: Grain Boundary Modification	p. 140
6.7 Vesiculation and Fragmentation of Magma	p. 142
6.7.1 Nucleation and Growth of Bubbles--Vesiculation	p. 142
6.7.2 Melt Fragmentation and Explosive Volcanism	p. 145
Chapter 7 Kinetic Paths and Fabric of Magmatic Rocks
7.1 Fabrics Related to Crystallization Path: Crystallinity and Grain Size	p. 151
7.1.1 Glassy Texture	p. 151
7.1.2 Aphanitic Texture	p. 153
7.1.3 Phaneritic Texture	p. 155
7.1.4 Porphyritic Texture	p. 157
7.1.5 Poikilitic and Ophitic Textures	p. 158
7.2 Fabrics Related to Crystallization Path: Grain Shape	p. 158
7.3 Fabrics Related to Crystallization Path: Inhomogeneous Grains	p. 160
7.3.1 Zoned Crystals	p. 160
7.3.2 Reaction Rims	p. 160
7.3.3 Subsolidus Decomposition and Exsolution in Unstable Minerals	p. 161
7.4 Fabric Related to Textural Equilibration: Secondary Grain-Boundary Modification	p. 162
7.5 A Word of Caution on the Interpretation of Crystalline Textures	p. 163
7.5.1 Magmatic Rock Texture and Order of Crystallization	p. 163
7.6 Fabrics Related to Nonexplosive Exsolution of Volatile Fluids	p. 165
7.7 Volcanicalastic Fabrics Related to Fragmentation of Magma	p. 166
7.7.1 Pyroclastic Processes	p. 167
7.7.2 Autoclastic Processes	p. 169
7.8 Fabrics Related to Consolidation of Volcaniclasts into Solid Rock	p. 171
7.9 Anisotropic Fabrics	p. 171
7.9.1 Descriptive Geometric Aspects	p. 171
7.9.2 Origin	p. 175
7.10 Inclusions	p. 181
Chapter 8 Physical and Thermal Dynamics of Bodies of Magma
8.1 Stress and Deformation	p. 183
8.1.1 Concepts of Stress	p. 183
8.1.2 Deformation	p. 184
8.1.3 Ideal Response to Stress	p. 185
8.2 Rheology of Rocks and Magmas	p. 186
8.2.1 Rheology of Rocks	p. 187
8.2.2 Non-Newtonian Rheology of Magma	p. 190
8.2.3 Deformation and Flow of Magma	p. 191
8.3 Density of Magma and Buoyancy	p. 194
8.3.1 Density Determinations	p. 194
8.3.2 Densities of Minerals and Melts	p. 195
8.3.3 Buoyancy	p. 196
8.4 Conductive Heat Transfer	p. 197
8.4.1 Conductive Cooling Models	p. 198
8.5 Advective Heat Transfer	p. 199
8.6 Magma Convection	p. 201
8.6.1 Thermal Convection in a Completely Molten Body of Melt	p. 201
8.6.2 Thermochemical Convection in Crystallizing Magmas	p. 203
8.6.3 Replenishment in Evolving Magma Chambers	p. 205
Chapter 9 Magma Ascent and Emplacement: Field Relations of Intrusions
9.1 Movement of Magma in the Earth	p. 210
9.1.1 Neutral Buoyancy and the Crustal Density Filter	p. 210
9.1.2 Magma Overpressure	p. 212
9.1.3 Mechanisms of Magma Ascent	p. 213
9.2 Sheet Intrusions (Dikes)	p. 213
9.2.1 Description and Terminology	p. 213
9.2.2 Some Thermomechanical Concepts Pertaining to Emplacement of Sheet Intrusions	p. 216
9.2.3 Geometry and Orientation of Sheet Intrusions	p. 218
9.2.4 Basalt Diking in Extensional Regimes	p. 220
9.3 Diapirs	p. 222
9.4 Magma Emplacement in the Crust: Providing the Space	p. 224
9.4.1 Some Aspects of Granitic Plutons	p. 225
9.4.2 Emplacement Processes and Factors	p. 226
9.4.3 The Intrusion-Host Rock Interface	p. 236
Chapter 10 Magma Extrusion: Field Relations of Volcanic Rock Bodies
10.1 Overview of Extrusion: Controls and Factors	p. 241
10.1.1 Moving Magma to the Surface: What Allows Extrusion	p. 242
10.1.2 Two Types of Extrusions: Explosive and Effusive	p. 242
10.2 Effusions of Basaltic Lava	p. 245
10.2.1 Types of Basaltic Lava Flows	p. 245
10.2.2 Columnar Joints	p. 249
10.2.3 Subaerial Lava Accumulations	p. 250
10.2.4 Submarine Basaltic Accumulations	p. 252
10.3 Effusions of Silicic Lava	p. 254
10.3.1 Morphological Characteristics and Growth	p. 254
10.3.2 Internal Fabric	p. 256
10.4 Explosive Eruptions	p. 259
10.4.1 Explosive Mechanisms: Production of Pyroclasts	p. 259
10.4.2 Pyroclasts in Volcanic Plumes	p. 262
10.4.3 Pyroclast Transport and Deposition	p. 262
10.4.4 Explosive Style	p. 267
10.4.5 Pyroclastic Flows and Deposits: Overview	p. 270
10.4.6 Block-and-Ash Flows	p. 271
10.4.7 Ignimbrite-Forming Ash Flows	p. 271
10.4.8 Calderas	p. 275
10.4.9 Subaqueous Pyroclastic Flows	p. 277
10.5 Other Volcaniclastic Deposits	p. 278
10.5.1 Epiclastic Processes and Deposits	p. 278
10.5.2 Volcanic Debris Flows: Lahars	p. 278
10.5.3 Composite Volcanoes	p. 279
Chapter 11 Generation of Magma
11.1 Melting of Solid Rock: Changes in P, T, and X	p. 283
11.1.1 Temperature Increase, +[Delta]T	p. 284
11.1.2 Decompression, -[Delta]P	p. 286
11.1.3 Changes in Water Concentration, +[Delta]X[subscript water]	p. 287
11.2 Mantle Source Rock	p. 288
11.2.1 Mantle-Derived Inclusions	p. 289
11.2.2 Metasomatized and Enriched Mantle Rock	p. 291
11.3 Generation of Magma in Mantle Peridotite	p. 295
11.3.1 Equilibrium (Batch) Partial Melting of Lherzolite	p. 295
11.3.2 Fractional Partial Melting of Lherzolite	p. 297
11.3.3 Factors Controlling Partial Melt Composition	p. 297
11.3.4 Modeling Partial Melting Using Trace Elements	p. 299
11.3.5 Characteristics of Primary Magma	p. 300
11.4 Magma Generation in Subarc Mantle Wedge	p. 300
11.4.1 Dehydration of Subducting Oceanic Crust	p. 301
11.4.2 Magma Generation in the Mantle Wedge	p. 303
11.4.3 Partial Melting of Subducted Basaltic Oceanic Crust: Adakite	p. 305
11.5 Generation of Alkaline Magmas in Metasomatically Enriched Mantle Peridotite	p. 306
11.5.1 The Metasomatized Mantle Connection	p. 307
11.6 Magma Generation in the Continental Crust	p. 308
11.6.1 Partial Melting of Continental Source Rocks	p. 309
11.6.2 "Alphabet" Granitic Magmas: Contrasting Sources	p. 311
11.6.3 Crystalline Residues	p. 312
11.6.4 Melt Segregation	p. 313
11.6.5 Felsic Magma Generation and the Mantle Connection	p. 313
Chapter 12 Differentiation of Magmas
12.1 Using Variation Diagrams to Characterize Differentiation Processes	p. 317
12.2 Closed-System Magmatic Differentiation	p. 318
12.2.1 Crystal-Melt Fractionation	p. 318
12.2.2 Physical Separation of Immiscible Melts	p. 322
12.2.3 Fluid-Melt Separation: Pegmatites	p. 324
12.3 Open-System Differentiation: Hybrid Magmas	p. 325
12.3.1 Magma Mixing	p. 325
12.3.2 Assimilation	p. 328
12.4 Differentiation in Basaltic Intrusions	p. 329
12.4.1 Palisades Sill	p. 329
12.4.2 Layered Intrusions	p. 331
12.4.3 Oceanic-Ridge Magma Chambers	p. 337
12.5 Origin of the Calc-Alkaline Differentiation Trend	p. 338
12.5.1 Tonga--Kermadec--New Zealand Arc	p. 339
12.5.2 Factors Controlling Development of the Calc-Alkaline Trend	p. 339
Chapter 13 Petrotectonic Associations
13.1 Oceanic Spreading Ridges and Related Basaltic Rocks	p. 349
13.1.1 Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt (MORB)	p. 350
13.1.2 Iceland	p. 353
13.1.3 Mantle Reservoirs	p. 354
13.2 Mantle Plumes and Oceanic Island Volcanic Rocks	p. 354
13.2.1 Character of Volcanic Rocks	p. 356
13.2.2 Hawaiian Islands: Tholeiitic and Alkaline Associations	p. 359
13.2.3 Highly Alkaline Rocks on Other Oceanic Islands	p. 362
13.3 Plume Heads and Basalt Flood Plateau Lavas	p. 364
13.3.1 Oceanic Plateaus	p. 364
13.3.2 Continental Flood Basalt Plateaus	p. 365
13.3.3 Continental Breakup	p. 369
13.4 Arc Magmatism: Overview	p. 370
13.5 Oceanic Island Arcs	p. 371
13.5.1 Rock Associations	p. 372
13.5.2 Magma Evolution	p. 374
13.5.3 Back-Arc Basins	p. 375
13.6 Ophiolite	p. 376
13.6.1 Characteristics	p. 376
13.6.2 Origin and Emplacement	p. 377
13.7 Calc-Alkaline Continental Margin Magmatic Arcs	p. 377
13.7.1 Volcanic Arcs on Continental Margins	p. 378
13.7.2 Plutonic Arcs on Continental Margins: Granitic Batholiths	p. 382
13.8 Granites in Continent-Continent Collision Zones	p. 386
13.9 Anorogenic A-Type Felsic Rocks	p. 387
13.9.1 Characteristics	p. 388
13.9.2 Petrogenesis	p. 389
13.9.3 Anorogenic Ring Complexes in Nigeria and Niger	p. 390
13.10 Granites and Granites	p. 390
13.11 Continental Rift Associations: Bimodal and Alkaline Rocks	p. 392
13.11.1 Transitions from Continental Arc to Rift Associations in Western North America	p. 394
13.11.2 Magmatism in the East African Rift System	p. 395
13.12 Alkaline Orphans, Mostly in Stable Cratons	p. 397
13.12.1 Lamprophyres	p. 398
13.12.2 Lamproite, Orangeite, and Kimberlite Clans	p. 398
Appendix A	p. 404
Appendix B	p. 406
References Cited	p. 411
Glossary	p. 427
Index	p. 444

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