Basic transport phenomena in biomedical engineering

This text combines the basic principles and theories of transport in biological systems with fundamental bioengineering. It contains real world applications in drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, and artificial organs. Considerable significance is placed on developing a quantitative understanding of the underlying physical, chemical, and biological phenomena. Therefore, many mathematical methods are developed using compartmental approaches. The book is replete with examples and problems.

Author Notes

Ronald L. Fournier is a professor in the Department of Bioengineering at The University of Toledo. He is also the founding chair of the Department of Bioengineering. During his twenty years at Toledo, he has taught a variety of chemical engineering and bioengineering subjects to include courses in biochemical engineering, biomedical engineering transport phenomena, biomedical engineering design, and artificial organs. His research interests and scholarly publications are in the areas of bioartificial organs, tissue engineering, novel bioreactors, and pharmacokinetics.

Prof. Fournier is on the editorial review board of Technology and Healthcare in the International Journal of Health Care Engineering. He is a research journal reviewer for the following journals: AIChE Journal, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Biomaterials, Cell Transplantation, Tissue Engineering, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, and Enzyme & Microbial Technology. Prof. Fournier is a member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Diabetes Association, Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Chemical Society, Cell Transplantation Society, Biomedical Engineering Society, American Society of Engineering Education, and is a Fellow of the American Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering.

1 Introduction

1.1 Review of units and dimensions

1.1.1 Units

1.1.2 Fundamental dimensions

1.1.2.1 Mass and weight

1.1.2.2 Temperature

1.1.2.3 Mole

1.1.3 Derived dimensional quantities

1.1.3.1 Pressure

1.1.3.2 Volume

1.1.3.3 Equations of state

1.2 Dimensional equation

1.3 Tips for solving engineering problems

1.4 Conservation of mass

1.4.1 Law of conservation

1.4.2 Chemical reactions

1.4.3 Material balances

2 A Review Of Thermodynamic Concepts

2.1 The first law of thermodynamics

2.1.1 Closed systems

2.1.2 Steady flow systems

2.2 The second law of thermodynamics

2.2.1 Reversible processes

2.3 Properties

2.3.1 Heat capacity

2.3.2 Calculating the change in entropy

2.3.1.1 Entropy change of an ideal gas

2.3.3 The Gibbs and Helmholtz free energy

2.3.3.1 Gibbs free energy

2.3.3.2 Helmholtz free energy

2.4 The fundamental property relations

2.4.1 Exact differentials

2.5 Single phase open systems

2.5.1 Partial molar properties

2.5.1.1 Binary systems

2.5.1.2 Property changes of mixing

2.5.1.3 Ideal gas

2.5.1.4 Gibbs free energy of an ideal gas mixture

2.5.2 Pure component fugacity

2.5.2.1 Calculating the pure component fugacity

2.5.3 Fugacity of a component in a mixture

2.5.4 The ideal solution

2.6 Phase equilibrium

2.6.1 Pure component phase equilibrium

2.6.1.1 Fugacity of a pure component as compressed liquid

2.6.2 Excess properties

2.6.3 Phase equilibrium in mixtures

2.6.3.1 Solubility of a solid in a liquid solvent

2.6.3.2 Depression of the freezing point of a solvent by a solute

2.6.3.3 Equilibrium between a solid and a gas phase

2.6.3.4 Solubility of a gas in a liquid

2.6.3.5 Osmotic pressure

2.6.3.6 Distribution of a solute between two liquid phases

2.6.3.7 Vapor-liquid equilibrium

2.6.3.8 Flammability limits

2.6.3.9 Thermodynamics of surfaces

3 Physical Properties of the Body Fluids and the Cell Membrane

3.1 Body fluids

3.2 Fluid compositions

3.3 Capillary plasma protein retention

3.4 Osmotic pressure

3.4.1 Osmolarity

3.4.2 Calculating the osmotic pressure

3.4.3 Other factors that may affect the osmotic pressure

3.5 Formation of the interstitial fluid

3.6 Net capillary filtration rate

3.7 Lymphatic system

3.8 Solute transport across the capillary endothelium

3.9 The cell membrane

3.10 Ion pumps

4 The Physical and Flow Properties of Blood

4.1 Physical properties of blood

4.2 Cellular components

4.3 Rheology

4.4 Relationship between shear stress and shear rate

4.5 Hagan-Poiseuille equation

4.6 Other useful flow relationships

4.7 Rheology of blood

4.8 The Casson equation

4.9 Using the Casson equation

4.10 The velocity profile for tube flow of a Casson fluid

4.11 Tube flow of blood at low shear rates

4.12 The effect of the diameter at high shear rates

4.13 Marginal zone theory

4.14 Using the marginal zone theory

4.15 Boundary layer theory

4.15.1 The flow near a wall that is set in motion

4.15.2 Laminar flow of a fluid along a flat plate

4.16 Generalized mechanical energy balance equation

4.17 Capillary rise and capillary action

4.17.1 Capillary rise

4.17.2 Dynamics of capillary rise5. Solute Transport in Biological Systems

5.1 Description of solute transport in biological systems

5.2 Capillary properties

5.3 Capillary flowrates

5.4 Solute diffusion

5.4.1 Fick''s first and second law

5.4.2 Mass transfer in laminar boundary layer flow over a flat plate

5.4.3 Mass transfer from the walls of a tube containing a fluid in laminar flow

5.4.4 Mass transfer coefficient correlations

5.4.5 Determining the diffusivity

5.5 Solute transport by capillary filtration

5.6 Solute diffusion within heterogeneous media

5.6.1 Diffusion of a solute from a polymeric material

5.6.1.1 A solution valid for short contact times

5.6.2 Diffusion in blood and tissue

5.7 Solute permeability

5.8 The irreversible thermodynamics of membrane transport

5.8.1 Finding Lp, Pm, and s

5.8.2 Multicomponent membrane transport

5.9 Transport of solutes across the capillary wall

5.10 Transport

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