Politics

Politics is a new kind of politics textbook. Stimulating, succinct, and accessible, it offers a comprehensive introduction to the study of politics, written from an international perspective. This second edition takes full account of new developments such as debates about globalization, the impact of the mass media, and the shift from government to governance. It also includes new boxed material on major thinkers and key concepts.

List of boxes	p. xiii
Preface	p. xvi
Acknowledgements	p. xviii
Part 1 Theories of Politics
1 What is Politics?	p. 3
Defining politics	p. 4
Politics as the art of government	p. 5
Politics as public affairs	p. 7
Politics as compromise and consensus	p. 9
Politics as power	p. 10
Studying politics	p. 13
Approaches to the study of politics	p. 13
The philosophical tradition	p. 13
The empirical tradition	p. 14
The scientific tradition	p. 14
Recent developments	p. 15
Can the study of politics be scientific?	p. 17
Concepts, models and theories	p. 18
Summary	p. 21
Questions for discussion	p. 22
Further reading	p. 22
2 Governments, Systems and Regimes	p. 25
Traditional systems of classification	p. 26
Why classify political systems?	p. 26
Classical typologies	p. 27
The 'three worlds' typology	p. 29
Regimes of the modern world	p. 30
Western polyarchies	p. 32
New democracies	p. 34
East Asian regimes	p. 36
Islamic regimes	p. 38
Military regimes	p. 39
Summary	p. 39
Questions for discussion	p. 40
Further reading	p. 40
3 Political Ideologies	p. 43
What is political ideology?	p. 44
Liberalism	p. 45
Elements of liberalism	p. 45
Classical liberalism	p. 47
Modern liberalism	p. 47
Conservatism	p. 48
Elements of conservatism	p. 49
Paternalistic conservatism	p. 50
The New Right	p. 51
Neoliberalism	p. 52
Neoconservatism	p. 52
Socialism	p. 53
Elements of socialism	p. 54
Marxism	p. 55
Elements of Marxism	p. 56
Orthodox communism	p. 57
Modern Marxism	p. 58
Social democracy	p. 59
Third way	p. 60
Other ideological traditions	p. 61
Fascism	p. 61
Anarchism	p. 62
Feminism	p. 63
Environmentalism	p. 64
Religious fundamentalism	p. 65
The end of ideology?	p. 67
Summary	p. 68
Questions for discussion	p. 68
Further reading	p. 69
4 Democracy	p. 71
Defining democracy	p. 72
Who are the people?	p. 72
How should the people rule?	p. 73
How far should popular rule extend?	p. 75
Models of democracy	p. 75
Classical democracy	p. 76
Protective democracy	p. 77
Developmental democracy	p. 78
People's democracy	p. 80
Democracy in practice: rival views	p. 81
Pluralist view	p. 82
Elitist view	p. 83
Corporatist view	p. 84
New Right view	p. 86
Marxist view	p. 86
Summary	p. 87
Questions for discussion	p. 88
Further reading	p. 88
5 The State	p. 89
What is the state?	p. 90
Rival theories of the state	p. 92
The pluralist state	p. 92
The capitalist state	p. 94
The leviathan state	p. 96
The patriarchal state	p. 97
The role of the state	p. 99
Minimal states	p. 99
Developmental states	p. 100
Social-democratic states	p. 101
Collectivized states	p. 101
Totalitarian states	p. 102
The state in a global era	p. 102
The state and globalization	p. 102
State transformation	p. 104
Summary	p. 105
Questions for discussion	p. 106
Further reading	p. 106
Part 2 Nations and Globalization
6 Nations and Nationalism	p. 109
What is a nation?	p. 110
Nations as cultural communities	p. 111
Nations as political communities	p. 113
Varieties of nationalism	p. 115
Liberal nationalism	p. 115
Conservative nationalism	p. 118
Expansionist nationalism	p. 119
Anticolonial nationalism	p. 121
A future for the nation-state?	p. 123
Summary	p. 124
Questions for discussion	p. 125
Further reading	p. 125
7 Global Politics	p. 127
Understanding world politics	p. 128
Idealism	p. 128
Realism	p. 130
Pluralism	p. 131
Marxism	p. 132
Twenth-first-century world order	p. 133
From biopolarity to unipolarity	p. 133
The 'war on terror'	p. 136
Rise of multipolarity	p. 140
Dynamics of globalization	p. 143
Globalizing tendencies	p. 143
Globalization: theories and debates	p. 145
Regionalization	p. 149
The European Union	p. 151
Global governance	p. 156
Towards world government?	p. 156
The United Nations	p. 158
Summary	p. 160
Questions for discussion	p. 161
Further reading	p. 161
8 Subnational Politics	p. 163
Centralization or decentralization?	p. 164
Centre-periphery relationships	p. 165
Federal systems	p. 166
Why federalism?	p. 167
Features of federalism	p. 168
Assessment of federalism	p. 170
Unitary systems	p. 171
Local government	p. 172
Devolution	p. 173
Ethnic and community politics	p. 175
The rise of ethnic politics	p. 175
A politics of community?	p. 178
Summary	p. 179
Questions for discussion	p. 180
Further reading	p. 180
Part 3 Political Interaction
9 The Economy and Society	p. 183
Economic systems	p. 184
Capitalisms of the world	p. 185
Enterprise capitalism	p. 186
Social capitalism	p. 188
Collective capitalism	p. 188
Managed or unmanaged capitalism?	p. 189
Varieties of socialism	p. 191
State socialism	p. 193
Market socialism	p. 193
Is there an economic 'third way'?	p. 194
Social structure and divisions	p. 195
Social class	p. 197
The rise and fall of class politics	p. 197
Who are the underclass?	p. 199
Race	p. 200
Gender	p. 201
Summary	p. 202
Questions for discussion	p. 203
Further reading	p. 203
10 Political Culture, Identity and Legitimacy	p. 205
Political culture	p. 206
Civic culture or ideological hegemony?	p. 206
Decline of social capital?	p. 209
Identity politics and multiculturalism	p. 212
Rise of identity politics	p. 212
Models of multiculturalism	p. 214
Drawbacks of multiculturalism	p. 217
Legitimacy and political stability	p. 219
Legitimizing power	p. 219
Legitimation crises	p. 222
Why do revolutions occur?	p. 224
Marxist theories of revolution	p. 224
Non-Marxist theories of revolution	p. 226
Summary	p. 228
Questions for discussion	p. 229
Further reading	p. 229
11 Mass Media and Political Communication	p. 231
Theories of the mass media	p. 232
Pluralist model	p. 233
Dominant-ideology model	p. 233
Elite-values model	p. 234
Market model	p. 235
Media, democracy and governance	p. 235
Custodians of democracy?	p. 235
Mass media and governance	p. 238
Media globalization	p. 240
Political communication	p. 241
Propaganda machines	p. 241
Politics of spin	p. 243
Summary	p. 244
Questions for discussion	p. 245
Further reading	p. 245
12 Representation, Elections and Voting	p. 247
Representation	p. 248
Theories of representation	p. 248
Trustee model	p. 249
Delegate model	p. 249
Mandate model	p. 251
Resemblance model	p. 252
Elections	p. 253
Functions of elections	p. 254
Electoral systems: debates and controversies	p. 256
What do elections mean?	p. 264
Voting behaviour	p. 265
Theories of voting	p. 266
Party-identification model	p. 266
Sociological model	p. 267
Rational-choice model	p. 267
Dominant-ideology model	p. 268
Summary	p. 268
Questions for discussion	p. 269
Further reading	p. 269
13 Parties and Party Systems	p. 271
Party politics	p. 272
Types of party	p. 273
Functions of parties	p. 275
Representation	p. 276
Elite formation and recruitment	p. 278
Goal formulation	p. 278
Interest articulation and aggregation	p. 278
Socialization and mobilization	p. 279
Organization of government	p. 279
Party organization: where does power lie?	p. 280
Party systems	p. 282
One-party systems	p. 283
Two-party systems	p. 284
Dominant-party systems	p. 286
Multiparty systems	p. 287
The decline of parties?	p. 289
Summary	p. 290
Questions for discussion	p. 291
Further reading	p. 291
14 Groups, Interests and Movements	p. 293
Group politics	p. 294
Types of group	p. 294
Communal groups	p. 295
Institutional groups	p. 295
Associational groups	p. 295
Models of group politics	p. 297
Pluralist model	p. 297
Corporatist model	p. 299
New Right model	p. 300
Patterns of group politics	p. 301
How important are interest groups?	p. 301
How do groups exert influence?	p. 304
Social movements	p. 307
New social movements	p. 308
Summary	p. 310
Questions for discussion	p. 311
Further reading	p. 311
Part 4 Machinery of Government
15 Constitutions, the Law and Judiciaries	p. 315
Constitutions	p. 316
Classifying constitutions	p. 317
The purpose of a constitution	p. 321
Empowering states	p. 322
Establishing values and goals	p. 322
Providing government stability	p. 323
Protecting freedom	p. 323
Legitimizing regimes	p. 324
Do constitutions matter?	p. 324
The law	p. 325
Law, morality and politics	p. 325
The judiciary	p. 328
Are judges political?	p. 329
Do judges make policy?	p. 330
Summary	p. 333
Questions for discussion	p. 333
Further reading	p. 334
16 Assemblies	p. 335
Role of assemblies	p. 336
Parliamentary systems and presidential systems	p. 337
Functions of assemblies	p. 340
Legislation	p. 340
Representation	p. 341
Scrutiny and oversight	p. 342
Recruitment and training	p. 342
Legitimacy	p. 343
Structure of assemblies	p. 343
One chamber or two?	p. 344
Committee systems	p. 347
Performance of assemblies	p. 348
Do assemblies make policy?	p. 348
Why are assemblies in decline?	p. 351
Disciplined political parties	p. 352
'Big' government	p. 352
Lack of leadership	p. 353
Interest group and media power	p. 353
The rise of assemblies?	p. 353
Summary	p. 354
Questions for discussion	p. 355
Further reading	p. 355
17 Political Executives	p. 357
Role of the executive	p. 358
Who's who in the executive?	p. 358
Functions of political executives	p. 359
Ceremonial leadership	p. 360
Policy-making leadership	p. 360
Popular leadership	p. 360
Bureaucratic leadership	p. 361
Crisis leadership	p. 361
Power in the executive: who leads?	p. 361
Presidents	p. 362
Prime ministers	p. 366
Cabinets	p. 371
The politics of leadership	p. 372
Theories of leadership	p. 373
Styles of leadership	p. 376
Summary	p. 378
Questions for discussion	p. 379
Further reading	p. 379
18 Bureaucracies	p. 381
Theories of bureaucracy	p. 382
Rational-administrative model	p. 382
Power-bloc model	p. 384
Bureaucratic oversupply model	p. 385
Role of bureaucracies	p. 386
Functions of bureaucracies	p. 386
Administration	p. 387
Policy advice	p. 387
Articulating interests	p. 388
Political stability	p. 388
Organization of bureaucracies	p. 389
Bureaucratic power: out of control?	p. 392
Sources of bureaucratic power	p. 392
How can bureaucrats be controlled?	p. 395
Political accountability	p. 395
Politicization	p. 397
Counter-bureaucracies	p. 398
Summary	p. 399
Questions for discussion	p. 400
Further reading	p. 400
19 Militaries and Police Forces	p. 401
The military and politics	p. 402
Role of the military	p. 403
Instrument of war	p. 403
Guarantee of domestic order	p. 404
Interest group	p. 405
Alternative to civilian rule	p. 407
Controlling the military	p. 408
When does the military seize power?	p. 410
The police and politics	p. 413
Roles of the police	p. 414
Civil policing	p. 414
Political policing	p. 415
Police states	p. 417
Political control and accountability	p. 418
Summary	p. 420
Questions for discussion	p. 420
Further reading	p. 421
Part 5 Policy and Performance
20 Policy Process and System Performance	p. 425
The policy process	p. 426
Theories of decision-making	p. 426
Rational actor models	p. 426
Incremental models	p. 427
Bureaucratic organization models	p. 428
Belief system models	p. 429
Stages in the policy process	p. 430
Initiation	p. 430
Formulation	p. 432
Implementation	p. 434
Evaluation	p. 435
System performance	p. 437
Stability performance	p. 437
Material performance	p. 439
Citizenship performance	p. 440
Democracy performance	p. 441
Summary	p. 443
Questions for discussion	p. 444
Further reading	p. 444
Glossary of Political Terms	p. 445
Bibliography	p. 461
Index	p. 471

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