Audio electronics

Audio Electronics is a unique electronics text in that it focuses on the electronics of audio design and explores the principles and techniques that underly the successful design and usage of analog and digital equipment.

The second edition includes new material on the latest developments in the field: digital radio and television, Nicam 728, and the latest Dolby noise reduction systems.

John Linsley Hood is responsible for numerous amplifier designs that have led the way to better sound, and has also kept up a commentary on developments in audio in magazines such as The Gramophone, Electronics in Action and Electronics World.

Author Notes

John Linsley Hood (1925-2004) was head of the electronics research laboratories at British cellophane, for nearly 25 years. He worked on many instrumentation projects including width gauges and moisture meters, and made several inventions which were patented under the Cellophane name. Prior to his work at British Cellophane he worked in the electronics laboratory of the Department of Atomic Energy at Sellafield, Cumbria. He studied at Reading University after serving in the military as a radar mechanic. Linsley Hood published more than 30 technical feature articles in Wireless World magazine and its later incarnation Electronics World. He also contributed to numerous magazines including Electronics Today.

Preface	p. xi
1 Tape recording	p. 1
The basic system	p. 1
Magnetic tape	p. 1
The recording process	p. 4
Causes of non-uniform frequency response	p. 7
Record/replay equalisation	p. 9
Head design	p. 12
Recording track dimensions	p. 18
HF bias	p. 19
The tape transport mechanism	p. 25
Transient performance	p. 26
Tape noise	p. 27
Electronic circuit design	p. 30
Replay equalisation	p. 34
Bias oscillator circuits	p. 36
The record amplifier	p. 39
Recording level indication	p. 41
Tape drive motor speed control	p. 42
Professional recording equipment	p. 42
General description	p. 43
Multi-track machines	p. 47
Digital recording systems	p. 48
2 Tuners and radio receivers	p. 57
Background	p. 57
Basic requirements	p. 57
The influence of the ionosphere	p. 58
Why VHF transmissions?	p. 63
AM or FM?	p. 64
FM broadcast standards	p. 66
Stereo encoding/decoding	p. 66
GE/Zenith 'pilot tone' system	p. 66
PCM programme distribution system	p. 70
Supplementary broadcast signals	p. 75
Alternative transmission methods	p. 75
SSB broadcasting	p. 76
Radio receiver design	p. 79
Circuit design	p. 114
New developments	p. 116
Appendices	p. 117
3 Preamplifiers and input signals	p. 119
Requirements	p. 119
Signal voltage and impedance levels	p. 119
Gramophone pick-up inputs	p. 120
Input circuitry	p. 123
Moving coil PU head amplifier design	p. 127
Circuit arrangements	p. 128
Input connections	p. 135
Input switching	p. 136
4 Voltage amplifiers and controls	p. 140
Preamplifier stages	p. 140
Linearity	p. 140
Noise levels	p. 149
Output voltage characteristics	p. 150
Voltage amplifier design	p. 151
Constant-current sources and 'current mirrors'	p. 154
Performance standards	p. 159
Audibility of distortion	p. 162
General design considerations	p. 168
Controls	p. 169
5 Power output stages	p. 189
Valve amplifier designs	p. 189
Early transistor circuits	p. 192
Listener fatigue and crossover distortion	p. 192
Improved transistor amplifier designs	p. 195
Power MOSFETs	p. 196
Output transistor protection	p. 201
Power output and power dissipation	p. 203
General design considerations	p. 206
Slew-rate limiting and TID	p. 207
Advanced amplifier designs	p. 211
Alternative design approaches	p. 219
Contemporary amplifier design practice	p. 227
Sound quality and specifications	p. 229
6 The compact disc and digital audio	p. 233
Why use digital techniques?	p. 233
Problems with digital encoding	p. 234
The record-replay system	p. 239
The replay system	p. 245
Error correction	p. 260
7 Test Instruments and measurements	p. 265
Instrument types	p. 266
Signal generators	p. 266
Alternative waveform types	p. 277
Distortion measurement	p. 284
Oscilloscopes	p. 294
8 Loudspeaker crossover systems	p. 305
Why necessary?	p. 305
Cone design	p. 306
Soundwave dispersion	p. 309
Crossover system design	p. 309
Crossover component types	p. 315
LS output equalisation	p. 316
Active crossover systems	p. 317
Active filter design	p. 319
Bi-wiring and tri-wiring	p. 322
9 Power supplies	p. 324
The importance of the power supply unit	p. 324
Circuit layouts	p. 326
Circuit problems	p. 328
Full-wave rectifier systems	p. 328
Transformer types and power ratings	p. 332
Stabilised PSU circuits	p. 333
Commercial power amp. PSUs	p. 337
Output source impedance and noise	p. 338
Transformer noise and stray magnetic fields	p. 341
10 Noise reduction techniques	p. 342
Bandwidth limitation	p. 342
Pre-emphasis	p. 343
'Noise masking' and 'companding'	p. 343
Attack and decay times	p. 344
Signal level limiting	p. 345
Gramophone record 'click' suppression	p. 345
Proprietory noise reduction systems	p. 346
Digital signal processing and noise reduction	p. 349
11 Digital audio broadcasting	p. 352
Broadcasting system choices	p. 352
Digital radio and TV: the growth of complexity	p. 354
Phase shift modulation systems	p. 355
Avoidance of time delay distortion	p. 356
DAB transmitter and receiver layouts	p. 357
The NICAM-728 TV stereo sound system	p. 359
The NICAM-728 audio signal	p. 360
Sound quality	p. 363
Further reading	p. 363
Index	p. 365

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