Survey of industrial chemistry

Survey of Industrial Chemistry arose from a need for a basic text dealing with industrial chemistry for use in a one semester, three-credit senior level course taught at the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. This edition covers all important areas of the chemical industry, yet it is reasonable that it can be covered in 40 hours of lecture. Also an excellent resource and reference for persons working in the chemical and related industries, it has sections on all important technologies used by these industries: a one-step source to answer most questions on practical, applied chemistry. Young scientists and engineers just entering the workforce will find it especially useful as a readily available handbook to prepare them for a type of chemistry quite different than they have seen in their traditional coursework, whether graduate or undergraduate.

1. Introduction to the Chemical Industry: An Overview	p. 1
1. The National Economy	p. 1
2. Definition and Divisions of the Chemical Industry	p. 2
3. Size and Current Economics of the Chemical Industry	p. 5
4. Location of the Chemical Industry	p. 6
5. Employment in the Chemical Industry	p. 7
6. Salaries of Chemists	p. 8
7. General Characteristics of the Chemical Industry	p. 11
8. Top 50 Chemicals	p. 16
9. Top Polymers	p. 18
10. Top U.S. Chemical Companies	p. 22
11. Top World Chemical Companies	p. 22
2. Sulfuric Acid and Its Derivatives	p. 23
1. Introduction to Inorganic Chemicals	p. 23
2. Sulfuric Acid (Oil of Vitriol)	p. 27
3. Phosphoric Acid (Orthophosphoric Acid)	p. 37
4. Aluminum Sulfate (Filter Alum or Papermaker's Alum)	p. 39
3. Industrial Gases	p. 41
1. Nitrogen	p. 41
2. Oxygen	p. 44
3. Hydrogen	p. 45
4. Carbon Dioxide	p. 50
5. Economics of Industrial Gases	p. 51
4. Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds	p. 55
1. Ammonia	p. 56
2. Nitric Acid	p. 59
3. Ammonium Nitrate	p. 61
4. Urea	p. 62
5. Ammonium Sulfate	p. 63
5. Chemicals from Limestone	p. 65
1. Lime	p. 65
2. Soda Ash (Sodium Carbonate)	p. 69
3. Calcium Chloride	p. 72
4. Sodium Silicate (Silica Gel)	p. 73
6. Sodium Chloride Derivatives and Miscellaneous Inorganics	p. 75
1. Sodium Chloride	p. 75
2. Caustic Soda (Sodium Hydroxide, Caustic)	p. 77
3. Chlorine	p. 82
4. Economics of Caustic Soda and Chlorine	p. 83
5. Hydrochloric Acid (Muriatic Acid)	p. 84
6. Titanium Dioxide	p. 86
7. Miscellaneous Inorganic Chemicals	p. 87
7. Petroleum Refining Processes	p. 91
1. Introduction	p. 91
2. Distillation	p. 96
3. Octane Number	p. 98
4. Additives	p. 101
5. Hydrotreating	p. 105
6. Cracking	p. 106
7. Reforming	p. 110
8. Alkylation and Polymerization	p. 112
9. Separation of Natural Gas: Methane Production	p. 113
8. Basic Organic Chemicals	p. 117
1. Ethylene (Ethene)	p. 117
2. Propylene (Propene)	p. 122
3. The C[subscript 4] Stream	p. 124
4. Butadiene (1,3-Butadiene)	p. 124
5. Isobutylene (Isobutene)	p. 126
6. Economic Aspects of Olefins	p. 128
7. Benzene (Benzol)	p. 130
8. Toluene (Toluol)	p. 134
9. Xylenes (Xylols)	p. 136
10. Economic Aspects of Aromatics	p. 139
9. Derivatives of Ethylene	p. 143
1. Ethylene Dichloride (EDC)	p. 145
2. Vinyl Chloride (Vinyl Chloride Monomer, VCM)	p. 147
3. Acetic Acid (Ethanoic Acid, Glacial Acetic Acid)	p. 148
4. Vinyl Acetate	p. 152
5. Ethylbenzene	p. 154
6. Styrene (Vinylbenzene, Phenylethene)	p. 156
7. Ethylene Oxide	p. 158
8. Ethylene Glycol (Ethan-1,2-Diol)	p. 160
10. Chemicals from Propylene and Butylene	p. 163
1. Acrylonitrile (2-Propenonitrile)	p. 163
2. Propylene Oxide (1,2-Epoxypropane)	p. 167
3. Cumene (Isopropylbenzene)	p. 171
4. Acetone (2-Propanone)	p. 172
5. Bisphenol A (BPA)	p. 176
6. n-Butyraldehyde (Butanal)	p. 177
7. Chemicals from the C[subscript 4] Fraction	p. 179
8. Butadiene Derivatives	p. 179
9. Methyl t-Butyl Ether (MTBE)	p. 182
10. Other C[subscript 4] Derivatives	p. 182
11. Derivatives of the Basic Aromatics	p. 185
1. Benzene Derivatives	p. 185
2. Phenol (Carbolic Acid)	p. 187
3. Cyclohexane (Hexahydrobenzene, Hexamethylene)	p. 188
4. Adipic Acid (1,6-Hexandioic Acid)	p. 189
5. Caprolactam	p. 193
6. Nitrobenzene	p. 195
7. Toluene Derivatives	p. 197
8. Terephthalic Acid and Dimethyl Terephthalate	p. 199
9. Phthalic Anhydride	p. 201
12. Chemicals from Methane	p. 205
1. Methanol (Wood Alcohol, Methyl Alcohol)	p. 207
2. Formaldehyde (Methanal)	p. 208
3. Acetic Acid	p. 210
4. Chlorofluorocarbons and Fluorocarbons	p. 211
13. The Second Fifty Industrial Chemicals	p. 217
1. Introduction and Background	p. 217
2. Characteristics of the Second 50 Chemicals	p. 220
3. Derivatives of the Seven Basic Organics	p. 221
4. Second 50 Chemical Pairs	p. 222
5. Manufacture and Uses	p. 222
14. Basic Polymer Chemistry: Thermoplastics	p. 245
1. Definitions and Classes	p. 245
2. Chain Growth Polymerization	p. 249
3. Step Growth Polymerization	p. 257
4. Copolymerization	p. 262
5. Polymerization Procedures	p. 264
15. Basic Polymer Chemistry: Thermosets	p. 265
1. Phenol-Formaldehyde Polymers (Phenolic Resins)	p. 265
2. Urea-Formaldehyde Polymers (Urea Resins)	p. 269
3. Melamine-Formaldehyde Polymers (Melamine Resins)	p. 270
4. Epoxy Resins	p. 271
5. Polyurethane Foams	p. 273
6. Unsaturated Polyesters	p. 275
7. Alkyd Resins	p. 276
8. Natural Polymers	p. 277
9. Polymer Properties	p. 280
16. Plastics	p. 289
1. Introduction and Economic Factors	p. 289
2. General Uses of Plastics	p. 293
3. Definitions and Classes of Plastics	p. 294
4. Fabrication of Plastics	p. 295
5. Recycling of Plastics	p. 301
6. Important Plastics	p. 304
17. Fibers	p. 315
1. History, Economics, and Types of Fibers	p. 315
2. Properties of Fibers	p. 318
3. Important Fibers	p. 320
18. Elastomers	p. 329
1. History and Economics	p. 329
2. Natural Rubber	p. 330
3. Vulcanization	p. 331
4. Accelerators	p. 333
5. Reinforcing Agents	p. 333
6. Antidegradants	p. 333
7. Development of Synthetic Rubber	p. 334
8. Catalysts and Mechanisms	p. 335
9. SBR vs. Natural Rubber	p. 336
10. Tires	p. 337
11. Important Elastomers	p. 340
19. Coatings and Adhesives	p. 345
1. Introduction to Coatings	p. 345
2. Types of Coatings	p. 346
3. Basic Composition of Coatings	p. 348
4. Pigments	p. 348
5. Binders	p. 351
6. Solvents	p. 354
7. Introduction to Adhesives	p. 355
8. Market for Adhesives	p. 356
9. The Adhesion Process	p. 357
10. Forms of Adhesives	p. 357
11. Chemical Types of Adhesives and Sample Uses	p. 358
12. Use Summary	p. 360
20. Pesticides	p. 361
1. What Next?	p. 361
2. Introduction to Pesticides	p. 362
3. Insecticides	p. 365
4. Herbicides	p. 380
21. Fertilizers	p. 389
1. Introduction	p. 389
2. History and Economics of Fertilizers	p. 392
3. Fertilizer Materials	p. 392
4. Liquids vs. Solids	p. 396
5. Controlled-Release Fertilizers	p. 396
22. Pulp, Paper, and Wood	p. 399
1. Introduction	p. 399
2. The Chemistry of Wood	p. 400
3. Pulp Manufacture	p. 401
4. Bleaching and Recycling	p. 407
5. Paper Manufacture	p. 408
6. General Uses of Paper Products	p. 409
7. Miscellaneous Chemicals Used on Wood	p. 409
8. Chemicals from Wood Hydrolysis and Fermentation	p. 411
9. Chemicals from Wood Carbonization and Distillation	p. 412
10. Naval Stores Industry	p. 412
23. The Pharmaceutical Industry	p. 417
1. The Pharmaceutical Industry	p. 417
2. Types of Drugs	p. 420
3. The Top Ten Drugs	p. 422
4. Cardiovascular Agents	p. 429
5. Central Nervous System Pharmaceuticals	p. 433
6. Antibacterial Agents	p. 437
7. Steroids	p. 444
8. Analgesics and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs	p. 449
9. Antihistamines	p. 456
10. The Future	p. 457
24. Surfactants, Soaps, and Detergents	p. 461
1. Introduction to the Industry	p. 461
2. Cationic Surfactants	p. 464
3. Anionic Surfactants	p. 466
4. Nonionics	p. 470
5. Amphoterics	p. 471
6. Detergent Builders	p. 472
25. The Chemical Industry and Pollution	p. 475
1. Introduction	p. 475
2. General Pollution Problems	p. 476
3. A Chronology of Pollution and Its Control	p. 479
4. The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)	p. 489
5. Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)	p. 491
6. High Production-Volume (HPV) Chemicals	p. 492
7. Are Things Better Today?	p. 492
Appendix Subjects for Further Study	p. 495
List of Important References	p. 497
Index	p. 503

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