| Preface |
| Acknowledgments |
| 1 History and Role of Public Transportation in Urban Development |
| 1.1 Early Development of Cities |
| 1.1.1 Transportation and Locations of Cities |
| 1.1.2 Transportation and City Size |
| 1.1.3 Form and Structure of Cities |
| 1.1.4 The Industrial Revolution, Urbanization, and the Growth of Cities |
| 1.2 Beginnings of Public Transportation |
| 1.2.1 Public Transportation before the Nineteenth Century |
| 1.2.2 Horse-Drawn Omnibuses |
| 1.2.3 Horse-Drawn Tramways |
| 1.2.4 Mechanized Street Transit Technologies before 1880 |
| 1.3 Invention of Electric Streetcars /Tramways |
| 1.3.1 Beginnings of Electric Streetcars in the United States |
| 1.3.2 Introduction of Electric Tramways in Europe |
| 1.4 Street Transit Development since 1900 |
| 1.4.1 Streetcars /Tramways |
| 1.4.2 Motorbuses |
| 1.4.3 Trolleybuses |
| 1.5 Development of High-Speed Rail Transit Modes |
| 1.5.1 Suburban Railways/Regional Rail |
| 1.5.2 Electric Interurban Railways |
| 1.5.3 Rapid Transit /Metro |
| 1.6 Overview and Conclusions: Transit Development and Cities |
| 2 Urban Passenger Transport Modes |
| 2.1 Transport System Definitions and Classification |
| 2.1.1 Classification by Type of Usage |
| 2.1.2 Transit Modes |
| 2.1.3 Transit System Components |
| 2.1.4 Transit System Operations, Service, and Characteristics |
| 2.2 Theory of Urban Passenger Transport Modes |
| 2.2.1 Evolution of a Transportation System in a Model Urban Area |
| 2.2.2 Review of Modal Features |
| 2.3 The Family of Transit Modes: Categories and Descriptions |
| 2.3.1 Paratransit |
| 2.3.2 Street Transit Modes |
| 2.3.3 Medium-Capacity Modes: Semirapid Transit |
| 2.3.4 High-Performance Modes: Rapid Transit |
| 2.3.5 Specialized Transit Modes |
| 2.3.6 Review of the Family of Regular Transit Modes |
| 2.3.7 Commuter Transit |
| 2.4 Trends in Transit Ridership and in Use of Different Modes |
| 2.4.1 Urban Travel and Transit Ridership |
| 2.4.2 Increasing Diversity of Transit Modes |
| 3 Vehicle Motion and Performance |
| 3.1 Vehicle Motion |
| 3.2 Resistance to Motion |
| 3.2.1 Vehicle Resistance |
| 3.2.2 Alignment Resistance |
| 3.3 Internal Combustion Engine Propulsion |
| 3.3.1 Characteristic Diagram for ICEs |
| 3.3.2 Speed-Tractive Effort Diagram: TE f(V) |
| 3.3.3 Vehicle Motion Force as a Function of Speed |
| 3.4 Electric Propulsion |
| 3.4.1 Wayside Electric Power Supply and Its Distribution to Lines |
| 3.4.2 Propulsion Motors and Their Control |
| 3.4.3 Electronic Motor Control |
| 3.4.4 AC Propulsion Motors and Their Electronic Control |
| 3.4.5 Comparison of Motor Control Types |
| 3.4.6 Other Propulsion Systems |
| 3.4.7 Vehicle Acceleration Force |
| 3.4.8 Comparison of Electric and Diesel Propulsions |
| 3.5 Vehicle Acceleration, Braking, and Stopping Distances |
| 3.5.1 Adhesion for Wheel Traction |
| 3.5.2 Acceleration and Braking Forces and Distances |
| 3.6 Station-to-Station Travel Analysis |
| 3.6.1 Basic Variables of Vehicle Motion |
| 3.6.2 Regimes of Motion |
| 3.6.3 Travel Time Equations and Diagrams |
| 3.6.4 Sensitivity of Travel Time and Speed to Individual Parameters |
| 3.7 Energy Consumption and Efficiency |
| 3.7.1 Structure of Energy Consumption Analysis |
| 3.7.2 Influence of Operating Regimes |
| 3.7.3 Potential Energy Savings through Preprogrammed Driving |
| 3.7.4 Influence of Stop/Station Spacing |
| 3.7.5 Measures of Energy Consumption |
| 4 Transit System Performance: Capacity, Productivity, Efficiency, and Utilization |
| 4.1 Definitions of Quantitative Performance Attributes |
| 4.1.1 Basic Attributes |
| 4.1.2 Transportation Work and Productivity |
| 4.1.3 Transit System Efficiency and Productivity |
| 4.1.4 Consumption and Utilization |
| 4.2 Transit Line Capacity |
| 4.2.1 Definitions |
| 4.2.2 Vehicle Capacity |
| 4.3 Way Capacity |
| 4.3.1 Basic Elements |
| 4.3.2 Vehicle Control Categories in Transit Operation |
| 4.3.3 Operating Safety Regimes |
| 4.3.4 Impacts of Train Size and Control Characteristics |
| 4.3.5 Application of Equations to Different Modes |
| 4.4 Station Capacity |
| 4.4.1 Significance and Definitions |
| 4.4.2 Components and Influencing Factors |
| 4.4.3 Capacity Diagrams and Equations |
| 4.4.4 Measures to Increase Station Capacity |
| 4.5 Theoretical and Practical Capacities of Major Transit Modes |
| 4.5.1 Important Considerations in Capacity Computations |
| 4 |
