Principles of metamorphic petrology

Principles of Metamorphic Petrology provides an introduction to ideas, techniques and approaches in the study of metamorphic rocks. The book begins with basic concepts, but advances further than most other metamorphic petrology texts. Examples of this include the latest chemographic approaches, the correct use of pseudosections and the application of x-ray compositional mapping to metamorphic problems. It also covers advances in thermobarometry and the application of modern geochronological techniques to the absolute timing of tectonometamorphic events. Determination of parent rocks is covered in detail and there is a modern exposition of partial melting reactions, melt extraction and deformation of migmatites. The book includes a large number of references to lead students into independent investigation. A valuable text for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in metamorphic petrology, that serves as a reference for researchers and exploration geologists.

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Vernon (emer., Macquarie Univ., Sydney) and Clarke (Univ. of Sydney) have reinvented the metamorphic petrology book for academic curricula and the result is a solid resource for researchers and students. Theirs is a richly illustrated text with many new examples of intriguing field relations that are used to frame discussions of important concepts and processes. To start, the book emphasizes the importance of bulk composition in metamorphic phase equilibria. However, rather than dully deriving many thermodynamic relationships or plodding systematically through each major bulk composition, the authors draw on their extensive careers conducting field-based studies of the diverse metamorphic terranes of Australia, New Zealand, and around the Pacific. Because the authors have largely worked on pelites, the text emphasizes partial melting, migmatites, and microstructural and textural interpretations. In places, C. W. Passchier and R. A. J. Trouw's Microtectonics (1996) comes to mind. A discussion of pseudosections in the book is good, but lacks worked examples, which would have been useful. Overall, the layout is functional, the writing is good, and figures are generally legible. A color plate section reproduces the most important figures. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Academic collections, upper-division undergraduates through faculty. J. S. Lackey Pomona College

Preface	p. xi
Chapter 1 Metamorphic Processes	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Effect of rock composition: The ACF diagram	p. 5
1.3 Metamorphic phase diagrams	p. 9
1.4 Metapelitic rocks and the AFM diagram	p. 11
1.5 Grade variations in contact metamorphism	p. 14
1.6 Illustrating regional metamorphic grade variations using the AFM diagram	p. 21
1.7 Extent of equilibrium	p. 26
1.8 Genetic classification of metamorphism	p. 32
1.8.1 Metamorphic facies	p. 32
1.8.2 Facies series	p. 38
1.9 Determining whole-rock composition and a volume of equilibration	p. 40
1.10 Open- versus closed-system behaviour during metamorphism	p. 41
Chapter 2 Metamorphic Conditions: Chemography and Thermobarometry	p. 43
2.1 Introduction: Intensive factors, extensive factors and rock chemical composition	p. 43
2.2 Chemically zoned porphyroblasts and equilibration	p. 44
2.2.1 Equilibration during prograde metamorphism: Garnet growth in New Caledonian eclogites	p. 47
2.2.2 Corona reaction microstructures: Cohn Hill, Musgrave Block, central Australia and Rauer Group, Antarctica	p. 48
2.2.3 UHT microstructures and closure temperatures	p. 50
2.3 Recognition of metamorphic parageneses	p. 51
2.4 Equilibrium thermodynamics in petrology	p. 53
2.4.1 Chemical systems, components and end-members	p. 53
2.4.2 Thermodynamic variables and calculations	p. 55
2.4.3 Activity-composition relations and non-ideal mixing	p. 57
2.4.4 Thermobarometry	p. 58
2.4.5 Thermodynamic calculations for phase diagrams	p. 64
Chapter 3 Tectonothermal History of Metamorphic Terranes	p. 71
3.1 Introduction and precautions	p. 71
3.2 Metamorphic grain shapes	p. 71
3.2.1 Low-energy grain shapes	p. 71
3.2.2 Low-energy shapes of inclusions	p. 74
3.3 Porphyroblasts	p. 74
3.3.1 Nucleation and growth of porphyroblasts	p. 74
3.3.2 Inclusions in porphyroblasts	p. 76
3.4 Inferring sequences of mineral assemblages ('metamorphic events')	p. 77
3.4.1 Concept of 'events'	p. 77
3.4.2 Criteria for inferring metamorphic reactions	p. 77
3.4.3 Using inclusions and folia wrapping porphyroblasts to infer metamorphic 'non-events'	p. 90
3.4.4 P-T-t paths	p. 91
3.5 Inferring time of growth of metamorphic mineral assemblages relative to time of formation of specific structures	p. 95
3.5.1 Introduction	p. 95
3.5.2 Inclusion trails in porphyroblasts	p. 95
3.5.3 Using porphyroblasts to determine the relative timing of metamorphic reactions and foliations (P-T-D-t paths)	p. 97
3.5.4 Criteria	p. 101
3.5.5 Examples of the approach	p. 117
3.6 Using inclusion trails in porphyroblasts to infer tectonometamorphic events	p. 120
3.6.1 Use of orthogonal inclusion trails in porphyroblasts	p. 120
3.6.2 Foliation inflection/intersection axes (FIAs)	p. 121
3.7 Absolute dating (geochronology) of mineral growth and foliation-forming events	p. 123
3.7.1 Introduction	p. 123
3.7.2 Radioactive decay principles	p. 123
3.7.3 Isochron calculations	p. 125
3.7.4 U-Pb dating of zircon in metamorphic rocks	p. 129
3.7.5 Dating of monazite in metamorphic rocks	p. 134
3.7.6 K-Ar and Ar-Ar dating	p. 137
Chapter 4 Partial Melting during High-Grade Metamorphism	p. 140
4.1 Introduction	p. 140
4.2 Melting reactions	p. 140
4.2.1 Water-saturated melting reactions	p. 142
4.2.2 Water-undersaturated melting reactions	p. 145
4.2.3 Volumes of melt produced	p. 149
4.2.4 Compositions of partial melts	p. 149
4.2.5 Distinguishing between water-saturated and water-undersaturated melting	p. 150
4.3 Terminology of anatectic migmatites	p. 151
4.4 Non-anatectic migmatites	p. 154
4.5 Distinguishing anatectic from non-anatectic migmatites	p. 155
4.6 Stages of melting and melt migration	p. 157
4.7 Melting (anatectic) stage: Accumulation and movement of melt in source migmatites	p. 158
4.7.1 Melt retained in weakly deformed source rocks: Formation of patch and bedded migmatites	p. 158
4.7.2 Melt retained in more strongly deformed source rocks: Formation of stromatic migmatites	p. 164
4.7.3 Axial-surface leucosomes	p. 170
4.7.4 Multiple leucosomes	p. 173
4.8 Transport and local accumulation stage	p. 176
4.8.1 Melt segregation	p. 176
4.8.2 Melt segregation pathways in migmatites	p. 177
4.8.3 Effects of deformation on melt segregation	p. 178
4.8.4 Experimental melt segregation	p. 180
4.9 Diatexites	p. 180
4.9.1 Primary diatexites	p. 181
4.9.2 Secondary diatexites	p. 182
4.9.3 Segregation of solids from flowing melt in diatexites	p. 182
4.10 Near-source reaction processes in migmatites	p. 184
4.11 Migmatites and granite plutons	p. 185
4.12 Migmatite complexes as sources for high-level leucogranites	p. 186
4.13 Migmatite complexes as sources for typical S-type granites	p. 187
4.13.1 Sources of mafic components	p. 187
4.13.2 Are diatexites suitable sources of high-level S-type granites?	p. 188
4.13.3 Deeper source?	p. 188
4.14 Magma transport and formation of large granite bodies	p. 190
4.15 Heat source for crustal melting	p. 191
4.16 Retrograde reactions in cooling migmatites	p. 192
4.17 Deformation of migmatites	p. 193
4.18 Friction and impact melting	p. 198
4.18.1 Friction melting	p. 200
4.18.2 Impact melting	p. 200
4.19 Melting of sulphide-rich rocks	p. 205
Chapter 5 Fluids and Metasomatism	p. 206
5.1 Fluids in Earth's crust	p. 206
5.2 Evidence of fluid flow in rocks undergoing metamorphism	p. 209
5.3 Sources of fluids in metamorphic rocks	p. 213
5.3.1 General comments	p. 213
5.3.2 Meteoric fluid	p. 215
5.3.3 Interaction with seawater	p. 216
5.4 Effect of fluid pressure on reaction curves	p. 216
5.5 Effect of fluid composition on mixed volatile reactions	p. 217
5.6 Effect of fluid composition on 'ionic' reactions	p. 221
5.7 Infiltration of fluid or not?	p. 223
5.7.1 General comments	p. 223
5.7.2 Fluids in regional metamorphism	p. 225
5.7.3 Fluids in contact metamorphism	p. 226
5.8 Fluids as heat transporting agents in regional metamorphism	p. 228
5.9 Metasomatism	p. 228
5.10 Local equilibrium in metasomatic processes	p. 229
5.11 Nature of metasomatic replacement reactions	p. 233
5.12 Types of metasomatism	p. 234
5.12.1 Introduction	p. 234
5.12.2 Mg metasomatism	p. 235
5.12.3 Na metasomatism and Na-Ca metasomatism	p. 235
5.12.4 Ca metasomatism	p. 235
5.12.5 K metasomatism	p. 235
5.12.6 Hydrolysis reactions (hydrogen-ion metasomatism; 'hydrolytic' alteration)	p. 237
5.12.7 Hydration-dominant reactions	p. 239
5.12.8 Skarns	p. 240
5.12.9 Fenitization	p. 242
5.12.10 'Blackwall' alteration	p. 243
5.13 How isochemical is prograde metamorphism?	p. 243
5.14 Metamorphic differentiation	p. 244
5.15 Extent of mass transfer and volume loss in deforming rocks	p. 244
5.16 Regional metasomatism	p. 245
5.16.1 Metasomatism in shear zones	p. 245
5.16.2 Regional Na metasomatism	p. 246
5.16.3 Regional Fe metasomatism	p. 249
5.16.4 Regional skarns	p. 250
5.16.5 Regional Si metasomatism	p. 250
5.16.6 Carbonic metasomatism?	p. 250
5.17 Metasomatism and ore deposits in metamorphic terranes	p. 251
5.17.1 Metamorphism superimposed on regional metasomatism	p. 251
5.17.2 Metasomatism accompanying regional metamorphism	p. 252
Chapter 6 Deformation of Metamorphic Rocks	p. 257
6.1 Introduction	p. 257
6.2 Outline of deformation processes	p. 258
6.2.1 Brittle deformation	p. 258
6.2.2 Ductile deformation	p. 260
6.2.3 Crystal plasticity (dislocation creep)	p. 260
6.2.4 Diffusion creep	p. 266
6.2.5 Ductile grain-boundary sliding	p. 268
6.2.6 Conditions favouring various deformation mechanisms	p. 268
6.3 Recovery and recrystallization	p. 269
6.3.1 Recovery	p. 269
6.3.2 Recrystallization	p. 269
6.4 Deformation contrasts between minerals in rocks	p. 273
6.5 Chemical changes during deformation	p. 274
6.5.1 General effects of water	p. 274
6.5.2 Reaction strengthening	p. 275
6.5.3 Reaction weakening	p. 276
6.5.4 Deformation during prograde metamorphic reactions	p. 276
6.5.5 Deformation during retrograde metamorphic reactions	p. 277
6.6 Foliations and lineations	p. 277
6.7 Bedding-plane foliation	p. 279
6.8 Slaty cleavage	p. 280
6.9 Crenulation cleavage	p. 284
6.10 Gneissic foliation (gneissic layering)	p. 287
6.11 Composite (transposed) foliations in mylonitic rocks	p. 289
6.12 Layering in migmatites	p. 290
6.13 Interpretation of the origin of compositional layering (original or metamorphic?)	p. 292
6.14 Non-tectonic deformation of sedimentary structures: Structures produced by soft-sediment deformation	p. 302
6.15 Heterogeneous deformation ('deformation partitioning')	p. 303
Chapter 7 Parent Rocks	p. 306
7.1 The general problem	p. 306
7.2 Metasedimentary rocks	p. 307
7.2.1 Broad chemical characteristics of metasedimentary rocks	p. 307
7.2.2 Residual structures of metapelitic and metapsammitic rocks	p. 310
7.2.3 Residual structures of calcareous metasediments	p. 320
7.2.4 Chemical metasediments	p. 324
7.3 Meta-igneous rocks	p. 326
7.3.1 Broad chemical characteristics of metamorphosed igneous rocks	p. 326
7.3.2 Residual structures in metamorphosed ignoeous rocks	p. 327
7.3.3 Residual structures in metamorphosed mafic igneous rocks	p. 334
7.3.4 Residual structures in metamorphosed felsic igneous rocks	p. 336
7.4 Sulphide-rich rocks	p. 348
7.5 Metasomatized parent rocks	p. 348
Appendix	p. 351
Glossary	p. 353
References	p. 363
Index	p. 435

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