Psychiatric mental health nursing

This leading psychiatric nursing textbook provides comprehensive, yet straightforward coverage of psychiatric nursing in a lively, full-color format. PSYCHIATRIC-MENTAL HEALTH NURSING utilizes a balanced nursing-medical approach, presenting strong coverage of the DSM-IV and related treatments. This edition includes new chapters on psychobiology, spirituality and alternative care, as well as increased emphasis on health promotion and community-based care, legal/ethical issues, research, growth/development, and cultural implications.

I Introduction to Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing	p. 1
1 Foundations of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing	p. 1
Threats to Security	p. 2
Mental Health and Mental Disorder	p. 5
Diagnoses: Pros and Cons	p. 7
Prevention of Mental Disorders	p. 8
Role of the Nurse	p. 10
Treatment	p. 16
Significance for Nursing	p. 17
Nurse Advocates	p. 17
2 Clinical Experiences: Rewards, Challenges, and Solutions	p. 20
Rewards	p. 21
Challenges and Solutions	p. 21
Additional Clinical Principles	p. 30
3 Psychobiology	p. 33
Understanding Neurobiologic Functions	p. 34
Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology of the Human Nervous System	p. 34
Emerging Concepts in Psychobiology	p. 41
Interrelated Systems	p. 42
Diagnostic and Evaluation Procedures	p. 43
Neurobiology and Psychiatric Nursing	p. 44
4 Legal and Ethical Implications in Clinical Practice	p. 48
Historical Review	p. 49
Commitment	p. 50
Confidentiality	p. 50
Rights of Clients	p. 52
The Americans With Disabilities Act	p. 56
Forensic Evaluations	p. 57
Malpractice	p. 58
Ethical Issues	p. 61
5 Cultural and Spiritual Issues	p. 65
Cultural Issues	p. 66
Understanding Culture	p. 66
Ethnicity vs. Culture	p. 67
Culture and Mental Health	p. 68
Cultural Competence	p. 69
Communication	p. 72
Cross-Cultural Perspectives of Mental Health	p. 75
Outcomes of Health Care for Minority Populations	p. 77
The Nursing Process	p. 78
Assessment	p. 78
Nursing Diagnosis	p. 79
Outcome Identification	p. 79
Planning	p. 80
Implementation	p. 80
Evaluation	p. 80
Spirituality	p. 80
Research	p. 81
Spirituality in Mental Health	p. 81
Major Spiritual Issues	p. 82
Stages of Moral Development	p. 85
Selected Cases of Clinical Spiritual Interventions	p. 87
6 The Nursing Process	p. 91
History and Perspectives of the Nursing Process	p. 92
Critical Thinking and the Nursing Process	p. 93
Assessment (Standard I)	p. 94
Nursing Diagnosis (Standard II)	p. 97
Outcome Identification (Standard III)	p. 99
Planning (Standard IV)	p. 102
Implementation (Standard V)	p. 107
Evaluation (Standard VI)	p. 111
The Nursing Process in Community and Home Settings	p. 112
7 Principles of Communication	p. 115
Components of Communication	p. 116
Factors That Influence Communication	p. 116
Modes of Communication	p. 117
Types of Communication	p. 119
Principles of Therapeutic Communication	p. 120
Communication and the Nursing Process	p. 133
Challenges in Communication	p. 133
8 Growth and Development Across the Lifespan	p. 138
Overview of Development Across the Life Span	p. 139
Child and Adolescent Development	p. 139
Psychosexual Theory	p. 139
Psychosocial Theory	p. 140
Interpersonal Theory	p. 141
Cognitive Theory	p. 143
Behavioral Theories	p. 144
Moral Development	p. 146
Adult Development	p. 147
Life Stage Theories	p. 147
Contemporary Theorists	p. 148
Life Span Transitions	p. 151
Adult Development in Later Life	p. 152
A Life Span Perspective of Aging	p. 153
Process of Aging	p. 156
Human Development in the Twenty-First Century	p. 165
II Psychiatric Disorders	p. 171
9 Anxiety and Related Disorders	p. 171
Historical and Theoretic Perspectives	p. 172
Etiology	p. 175
Epidemiology	p. 176
Clinical Descriptions	p. 177
Prognosis	p. 184
Discharge Criteria	p. 184
The Nursing Process	p. 185
Assessment	p. 185
Nursing Diagnosis	p. 185
Outcome Identification	p. 189
Planning	p. 190
Implementation	p. 190
Evaluation	p. 192
10 Mood Disorders: Depression and Mania	p. 195
Historical and Theoretic Perspectives	p. 196
Etiology	p. 196
Epidemiology	p. 204
Clinical Description	p. 207
Prognosis and Clinical Course	p. 214
Discharge Criteria	p. 215
The Nursing Process	p. 216
Assessment	p. 216
Nursing Diagnosis	p. 217
Outcome Identification	p. 218
Planning	p. 219
Implementation	p. 219
Evaluation	p. 232
11 The Schizophrenias	p. 236
Historic and Theoretic Perspectives	p. 237
Etiology	p. 238
Epidemiology	p. 245
Clinical Descriptions	p. 248
Prognosis	p. 258
Discharge Criteria	p. 259
The Nursing Process	p. 260
Assessment	p. 260
Nursing Diagnosis	p. 260
Outcome Identification	p. 261
Planning	p. 261
Implementation	p. 262
Evaluation	p. 271
12 Personality Disorders	p. 274
Definition of Personality Disorders	p. 275
Theories of Personality Development	p. 275
Biologic Contributions to Personality Disorders	p. 278
Clinical Description and Epidemiology	p. 279
Prognosis	p. 280
Discharge Criteria	p. 282
The Nursing Process	p. 282
Assessment	p. 282
Nursing Diagnosis	p. 285
Outcome Identification	p. 286
Planning	p. 286
Implementation	p. 286
Evaluation	p. 293
13 Substance-Related Disorders	p. 295
Historic and Theoretic Perspectives	p. 296
Etiology	p. 296
Epidemiology	p. 298
Substance Abuse in Special Populations	p. 299
Dual Diagnosis	p. 302
Clinical Description	p. 303
The Nursing Process	p. 311
Assessment	p. 311
Nursing Diagnosis	p. 313
Outcome Identification	p. 315
Planning	p. 315
Implementation	p. 315
Evaluation	p. 323
14 Delirium, Dementia, and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders	p. 326
Historical and Theoretic Perspectives	p. 327
Etiology	p. 327
Epidemiology	p. 332
Clinical Description	p. 332
Prognosis	p. 333
Discharge Criteria	p. 333
The Nursing Process	p. 334
Assessment	p. 334
Nursing Diagnosis	p. 339
Outcome Identification	p. 339
Planning	p. 339
Implementation	p. 340
Evaluation	p. 343
15 Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence	p. 349
Historical and Theoretic Perspectives	p. 350
Mental Disorders	p. 350
Mental Retardation	p. 350
Elimination Disorders	p. 352
Pervasive Developmental Disorders	p. 353
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	p. 355
Developmental Disorders	p. 356
Separation Anxiety Disorder	p. 358
Tic Disorders	p. 359
Disruptive Behavior Disorders	p. 360
Discharge Criteria	p. 362
Other Problem Areas	p. 363
Adolescent Suicide	p. 363
Youth Violence	p. 363
Adult Disorders in Children and Adolescents	p. 364
The Nursing Process	p. 365
Assessment	p. 365
Nursing Diagnosis	p. 367
Outcome Identification	p. 367
Planning	p. 367
Implementation	p. 367
Evaluation	p. 370
16 Eating Disorders	p. 374
Historical and Theoretic Perspectives	p. 375
Etiology	p. 376
Epidemiology	p. 378
Clinical Description	p. 379
Prognosis	p. 381
Discharge Criteria	p. 382
The Nursing Process	p. 382
Assessment	p. 382
Nursing Diagnosis	p. 382
Outcome Identification	p. 384
Planning	p. 384
Implementation	p. 385
Evaluation	p. 390
17 Sexual Disorders	p. 393
Sexual Dysfunctions	p. 393
Historical and Theoretic Perspectives	p. 394
Etiology	p. 394
On the Horizon	p. 395
Epidemiology	p. 395
Clinical Description	p. 395
Prognosis	p. 396
Discharge Criteria	p. 396
The Nursing Process	p. 397
Assessment	p. 397
Nursing Diagnosis	p. 398
Outcome Identification	p. 398
Planning	p. 398
Implementation	p. 399
Evaluation	p. 402
Paraphilias	p. 403
Historical and Theoretic Perspectives	p. 403
Legal Implications	p. 403
Etiology	p. 405
Epidemiology	p. 406
Clinical Description	p. 406
Prognosis	p. 407
Discharge Criteria	p. 407
The Nursing Process	p. 407
Assessment	p. 407
Nursing Diagnosis	p. 407
Outcome Identification	p. 408
Planning	p. 408
Implementation	p. 409
Evaluation	p. 410
18 Adjustment Disorders	p. 415
Historical and Theoretic Perspectives	p. 416
Etiology	p. 416
Epidemiology	p. 419
Clinical Description	p. 419
Prognosis	p. 420
Discharge Criteria	p. 420
The Nursing Process	p. 420
Assessment	p. 420
Nursing Diagnosis	p. 421
Outcome Identification	p. 421
Planning	p. 421
Implementation	p. 422
Evaluation	p. 424
III Therapeutic Modalities	p. 427
19 Interactive, Activity, and Electroconvulsive Therapies	p. 427
Interactive Therapy	p. 428
The Therapeutic Relationship	p. 428
Concerns Experienced by the Nurse	p. 430
Development of a Therapeutic Relationship	p. 431
Phases of the Therapeutic Relationship	p. 431
Therapeutic Milieu	p. 438
Group Therapy	p. 443
Family Therapy	p. 448
Activity Therapies	p. 450
Historical Perspectives	p. 450
The Role of Nursing in Activity Therapies	p. 450
Electroconvulsive Therapy	p. 450
Historical Perspective	p. 450
Statistics	p. 451
Modern Electroconvulsive Therapy	p. 451
20 Psychopharmacology	p. 455
Mode and Mechanism of Drug Action	p. 456
Psychotropic Pharmacotherapy Assessment	p. 457
Antipsychotic Medications	p. 457
Psychosis	p. 457
Depot Antipsychotics	p. 462
Atypical Antipsychotics	p. 463
Summary	p. 467
Antidepressants	p. 467
Indications	p. 468
Biologic Theory	p. 468
Major Classes of Antidepressants	p. 468
Other Antidepressants	p. 475
Augmentation Therapy in Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder	p. 476
Bipolar Disorders	p. 477
Drugs Used in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorders	p. 477
New Drug Therapy in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorders	p. 483
Treatment of Mania	p. 484
Maintenance Therapy and Lifelong Intervention	p. 484
Anxiety Disorders	p. 48
Generalized Anxiety Disorder	p. 484
Panic Disorder	p. 486
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder	p. 486
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder	p. 486
Generalized Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder)	p. 487
Herbal Therapy	p. 487
Client Education	p. 487
Summary	p. 487
Hypnotics	p. 488
Benzodiazepines	p. 488
Drug Treatment in Aggressive and Violent Behaviors	p. 489
Treatment	p. 489
Factors Influencing the Choice of Medications	p. 489
Acute Agitation and Aggression	p. 489
Chronic Aggression	p. 490
Special Considerations for Children	p. 490
21 Complementary and Alternative Therapies	p. 493
Alternative Therapy Fields	p. 494
Historical Overview	p. 494
Current Issues	p. 496
Exploring Effectiveness of Alternative Therapies	p. 497
Application of Selected Alternative Therapies: an Overview	p. 499
22 Crisis: Concepts and Interventions	p. 507
Historical Context	p. 508
Crisis	p. 509
Methods of Crisis Intervention	p. 511
Planning and Executing Therapeutic Intervention	p. 514
Resolution of the Crisis	p. 515
Barriers to Effective Crisis Intervention	p. 516
Demands on the Psychiatric Nurse Working in Crisis Intervention	p. 516
IV Aggressive Behaviors	p. 519
23 Violence: Abuse, Neglect, and Rape	p. 519
Family Violence	p. 520
Definitions of Violence and Abuse	p. 521
Theories of Family Violence	p. 521
The Battered Woman	p. 523
Definition of the Battered Woman	p. 523
The Batterer	p. 524
The Nursing Process	p. 524
Assessment	p. 525
Nursing Diagnosis	p. 527
Outcome Identification	p. 527
Planning	p. 528
Implementation	p. 528
Evaluation	p. 528
Child Abuse	p. 529
Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect	p. 530
Theoretic Frameworks of Child Abuse	p. 530
The Abused Child	p. 530
The Child Physical Abuser	p. 531
The Nurse's Attitude in Child Abuse	p. 531
The Nursing Process	p. 531
Assessment	p. 531
Nursing Diagnosis	p. 532
Outcome Identification	p. 532
Planning	p. 533
Implementation	p. 533
Evaluation	p. 533
Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse of Children	p. 533
Definition of Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse	p. 534
Historical and Theoretic Perspectives on Incest	p. 535
Characteristics of the Incestual Family	p. 535
The Nursing Process	p. 537
Assessment	p. 537
Nursing Diagnosis	p. 539
Outcome Identification	p. 539
Planning	p. 540
Implementation	p. 540
Evaluation	p. 541
Elder Abuse	p. 541
Definition of Elder Abuse	p. 541
Theories on Elder Abuse	p. 542
The Nursing Process	p. 542
Assessment	p. 542
Nursing Diagnosis	p. 542
Outcome Identification	p. 543
Planning	p. 544
Implementation	p. 544
Evaluation	p. 544
Rape	p. 545
Definition of Rape	p. 546
Characteristics of a Rapist	p. 546
Effects of Rape on the Victim	p. 546
24 Suicide	p. 550
Historical and Theoretic Perspectives	p. 551
Etiology	p. 552
Epidemiology	p. 553
Clinical Description	p. 557
Prognosis	p. 561
Discharge Criteria	p. 561
The Nursing Process	p. 561
Assessment	p. 561
Nursing Diagnosis	p. 564
Outcome Identification	p. 564
Planning	p. 565
Implementation	p. 565
Evaluation	p. 569
V Care in the Community	p. 573
25 Grief and Loss	p. 573
Responses	p. 573
Stages and Process of Grief	p. 575
Types of Grief	p. 577
Bereavement Care Across the Life Span	p. 578
Spirituality and Grief	p. 580
The Nursing Process	p. 581
Assessment	p. 581
Nursing Diagnosis	p. 582
Outcome Identification	p. 583
Planning	p. 583
Implementation	p. 584
Evaluation	p. 586
26 Persons With HIV/AIDS	p. 589
Epidemiology	p. 591
Etiology of Psychologic Distress in HIV/AIDS	p. 592
Clinical Description	p. 594
Prognosis	p. 595
The Nursing Process	p. 595
Assessment	p. 595
Nursing Diagnosis	p. 596
Nursing Diagnoses for Persons With AIDS Experiencing Adjustment Disorders With Depressed or Anxious Mood	p. 596
Outcome Identification	p. 596
Planning	p. 596
Implementation	p. 596
Evaluation	p. 601
27 Community Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing	p. 603
Role of the Nurse	p. 604
Historical Perspective	p. 604
Current Community Psychiatric Treatment Systems	p. 605
Cultural Considerations in Community Mental Health Nursing	p. 607
Components of Community Psychiatric Care	p. 607
Levels of Assisted Living	p. 609
Home Visits	p. 611
Homeless Mentally Ill	p. 612
Violence and the Mentally Ill	p. 613
Mentally Ill Persons in Jail	p. 614
Other Components of Community Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing	p. 614
28 Persons With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness	p. 617
Development of Severe and Persistent Mental Illness	p. 618
Psychologic Manifestations of Severe and Persistent Mental Illness	p. 618
Cultural Implications Associated With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness	p. 620
Behavioral Manifestations of Severe and Persistent Mental Illness	p. 621
Persons With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness Who Have Special Problems	p. 625
Children and Adolescents With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness	p. 627
Homeless Persons With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness	p. 628
Providers of Care for Persons With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness	p. 629
Public Policy Issues	p. 631
The Nursing Process	p. 632
Assessment	p. 632
Outcome Identification	p. 635
Planning	p. 636
Implementation	p. 637
Evaluation	p. 641
Appendix A DSM-IV-TR Classification	p. 645
Appendix B American Nurses Association Standards of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing Practice	p. 654
Appendix C Classification Systems: NIC and NOC	p. 656
Appendix D Answers to Review Questions	p. 659
Glossary	p. 661

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