Comprehending behavioral statistics

Başlık:

Yazar:

Hurlburt, Russell T.

ISBN:

9780534348892

Ek Yazar:

Hurlburt, Russell T.

Edition:

2nd ed.

Yayım Bilgisi:

Pacific Grove, Calif. : Brooks/Cole Pub. Co., c1998.

Fiziksel Tanım:

xxiii, 547 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.

General Note:

Includes index.

Konu Terimleri:

Psychology -- Statistical methods.

Social sciences -- Statistical methods.

Mevcut:*

Library	Materyal Türü	Barkod	Yer Numarası	Durum
Searching... Pamukkale Merkez Kütüphanesi	Kitap	0010789	BF39.H87 1998	Searching... Unknown

This isn't just another variation on the same theme--this textbook offers something new and better for the course. Hurlburt's unique, eyeball-estimation techniques, introduced in the first edition of this text, have won praise from faculty and students. Hurlburt's approach trains students to think critically and discriminate among various statistical techniques. Using Hurlburt's methods, students learn to read a graph of data and quickly predict what the statistic will show. Hurlburt also effectively uses repetition and a progressive, cumulative integration of concepts, so students build upon what they learn as they progress through the course rather than learning individual topics in isolation. Hurlburt's approach not only motivates students, but instills in them a true conceptual understanding of what's going on behind the mechanical calculations of statistical procedures. This new edition retains those elements that make the text so noteworthy, while it incorporates more traditional content and computer exercises that can be worked with standard statistical packages such as SPSS, SAS, or Minitab. Responding to the comments of users, Hurlburt has modified his presentation of the eyeball-estimation techniques -- emphasizing them in the descriptive statistics sections, but de-emphasizing them in the inferential statistics sections.

Chapter 1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Inductive Statements	p. 2
1.2 Statistical Reasoning	p. 3
1.3 Rational Decision Making	p. 4
1.4 A Classic Example: Pygmalion in the Classroom	p. 4
1.5 Samples from Populations	p. 8
1.6 Probability	p. 9
1.7 A Note to the Student	p. 11
Exercises for Chapter 1	p. 12
On the Personal Trainer CD
Lectlet 1A: Introduction to Statistics
Lectlet 1B: Basic Concepts
Resource 1A: Probability Is a Measure of Uncertainty
Algebra: Review
QuizMaster 1A
Chapter 2 Variables and Their Measurement	p. 14
2.1 Levels of Measurement	p. 15
2.2 Continuous and Discrete Variables	p. 17
Real Limits	p. 17
Significant Figures	p. 18
Rounding	p. 18
2.3 Summation	p. 20
Notation	p. 20
Computations	p. 20
2.4 Connections	p. 22
Cumulative Review	p. 22
Computers	p. 22
Homework Tips	p. 24
Exercises for Chapter 2	p. 25
On the Personal Trainer CD
Lectlet 2A: Variables and Their Measurement
Resource 2X: Additional Exercises
ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator
Algebra: Summation
QuizMaster 2A
Chapter 3 Frequency Distributions	p. 28
3.1 Distributions as Tables	p. 31
3.2 Distributions as Graphs	p. 34
Histogram	p. 34
Frequency Polygon	p. 36
3.3 Eyeball-estimation	p. 38
3.4 The Shape of Distributions	p. 41
Describing Distributions	p. 41
The Normal Distribution	p. 42
3.5 Eyeball-calibration	p. 44
3.6 Bar Graphs of Nominal and Ordinal Variables	p. 47
3.7 Connections	p. 48
Cumulative Review	p. 48
Computers	p. 48
Homework Tips	p. 49
Exercises for Chapter 3	p. 50
On the Personal Trainer CD
Lectlet 3A: Summary Distributions as Tables
Lectlet 3B: Summary Distributions as Graphs
Resource 3A: Stem and Leaf Displays
Resource 3X: Additional Exercises
QuizMaster 3A
Chapter 4 Measures of Central Tendency	p. 54
4.1 Mode	p. 56
Eyeball-estimating the Mode	p. 57
Determining the Mode	p. 58
4.2 Median	p. 58
Eyeball-estimating the Median	p. 59
Computing the Median	p. 59
4.3 Mean	p. 60
Eyeball-estimating the Mean	p. 60
Computing the Sample Mean	p. 64
4.4 Comparing the Mode, Median, and Mean	p. 65
4.5 Computing the Population Mean	p. 68
4.6 Connections	p. 69
Cumulative Review	p. 69
Journals	p. 69
Computers	p. 69
Homework Tips	p. 70
Exercises for Chapter 4	p. 70
On the Personal Trainer CD
Lectlet 4A: Measures of Central Tendency
Lectlet 4B: Computing and Eyeball-estimating the Mean
Resource 4A: The Linear Method for Computing the Median
Resource 4B: Computing the Mean from a Frequency Distribution
Resource 4X: Additional Exercises
ESTAT meanest: Eyeball-estimating the Mean from a Histogram
ESTAT meannum: Eyeball-estimating the Mean from a Table
ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator
QuizMaster 4A
Chapter 5 Measures of Variation	p. 76
5.1 Range	p. 79
5.2 Standard Deviation	p. 80
Mean Squared Deviation Formulas	p. 81
Inflection Points of Normal Distributions	p. 83
Eyeball-estimation	p. 85
Computing the Standard Deviation	p. 89
5.3 Variance	p. 92
5.4 Eyeball-calibration for Distributions	p. 93
5.5 Connections	p. 94
Cumulative Review	p. 94
Journals	p. 95
Computers	p. 95
Homework Tips	p. 96
Exercises for Chapter 5	p. 96
On the Personal Trainer CD
Lectlet 5A: Measures of Variation
Lectlet 5B: Computing and Eyeball-estimating the Standard Deviation
Resource 5A: The Mean Deviation and the Average Absolute Deviation
Resource 5B: Computational Formulas for the Standard Deviation and Variance
Resource 5C: Computing the Standard Deviation from a Frequency Distribution
Resource 5X: Additional Exercises
ESTAT sdest: Eyeball-estimating the Standard Deviation from a Histogram
ESTAT sdnum: Eyeball-estimating the Standard Deviation from a Table
ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator
QuizMaster 5A
Chapter 6 Using Frequency Distributions	p. 102
6.1 Points in Distributions	p. 103
Percentiles and Percentile Rank	p. 104
Standard Scores (z Scores)	p. 104
6.2 Areas Under Distributions	p. 105
Using Areas Under Distributions	p. 108
6.3 Areas Under Normal Distributions	p. 111
Eyeball-estimation	p. 112
Eyeball-calibration	p. 114
Calculating Areas	p. 117
6.4 Other Standardized Distributions Based on z Scores	p. 121
6.5 Relative Frequencies of Real-World Normal Variables	p. 125
6.6 Percentiles and Percentile Rank in Normal Distributions	p. 128
6.7 Connections	p. 129
Cumulative Review	p. 129
Computers	p. 130
Homework Tips	p. 132
Exercises for Chapter 6	p. 132
On the Personal Trainer CD
Lectlet 6A: Areas Under Distributions
Lectlet 6B: Areas Under Normal Distributions
Resource 6A: Interpolation
Resource 6B: Equation of the Normal Distribution
Resource 6X: Additional Exercises
ESTAT normal: Eyeball-estimating Areas Under the Normal Distribution
ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator
QuizMaster 6A
Chapter 7 Samples and the Sampling Distribution of the Means	p. 136
7.1 Random Samples	p. 138
Simple Random Sampling	p. 139
Samples from Populations	p. 142
7.2 The Sampling Distribution of the Means	p. 144
The Central Limit Theorem	p. 146
Factors That Affect the Magnitude of [sigma subscript x]: n and [sigma]	p. 149
Using the Sampling Distribution of the Means	p. 149
7.3 Connections	p. 154
Cumulative Review	p. 154
Computers	p. 154
Homework Tips	p. 155
Exercises for Chapter 7	p. 155
On the Personal Trainer CD
Lectlet 7A: Samples from Populations and the Distribution of Means
Lectlet 7B: The Central Limit Theorem
Lectlet 7C: The Standard Error of the Mean
Resource 7X: Additional Exercises
ESTAT mdist: Tutorial-The Distribution of Means and How n Affects It
ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator
QuizMaster 7A
Chapter 8 Parameter Estimation	p. 159
8.1 Point-estimation	p. 161
8.2 Distribution of Sample Means	p. 161
8.3 Confidence Intervals	p. 163
When [sigma] Is Known	p. 164
Changing the Level of Confidence	p. 168
When [sigma] Is Unknown	p. 170
Opinion Polls	p. 175
Four Factors That Affect the Width of a Confidence Interval	p. 176
8.4 Connections	p. 177
Cumulative Review	p. 177
Journals	p. 177
Computers	p. 177
Homework Tips	p. 178
Exercises for Chapter 8	p. 179
On the Personal Trainer CD
Lectlet 8A: Confidence Intervals
Lectlet 8B: Computing Confidence Intervals
Lectlet 8C: Confidence Intervals II
Resource 8A: Unbiased Estimators and the Denominator of the Standard Deviation
Resource 8B: Degrees of Freedom in the Computation of a Standard Deviation or Variance
Resource 8C: Opinion Polls: Using the Confidence Interval for a Proportion
Resource 8X: Additional Exercises
ESTAT confide: Eyeball-estimating Confidence Intervals
ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator
QuizMaster 8A
Chapter 9 Evaluating Hypotheses	p. 184
9.1 Descriptive Versus Inferential Statistics	p. 186
Descriptive Statistics	p. 186
Inferential Statistics	p. 186
9.2 Evaluating Hypotheses	p. 188
Null and Alternative Hypotheses	p. 189
Directional (One-tailed) and Nondirectional (Two-tailed) Hypotheses	p. 190
Type I and Type II Errors	p. 191
Level of Significance ([alpha])	p. 192
Statistical Power	p. 194
The Courtroom Analogy	p. 195
Practical Significance	p. 196
9.3 The Procedure for Evaluating Hypotheses	p. 197
9.4 Connections	p. 199
Cumulative Review	p. 199
Computers	p. 200
Journals	p. 200
Homework Tips	p. 200
Exercises for Chapter 9	p. 200
On the Personal Trainer CD
Lectlet 9A: Inferential Statistics
Lectlet 9B: The Procedure for Evaluating Hypotheses
Resource 9A: Why Statistical Significance Testing Alone Is Not Enough
QuizMaster 9A
Chapter 10 Inferences About Means of Single Samples	p. 203
10.1 Evaluating Hypotheses About Means	p. 204
When [sigma] Is Known	p. 205
A Directional (One-tailed) Example	p. 211
Practical Significance: Effect Size	p. 214
When [sigma] Is Unknown	p. 216
10.2 The Relationship Between Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals	p. 221
10.3 Statistical Significance is Not Necessarily Practical Significance	p. 222
10.4 One-sample + Test Eyeball-calibration	p. 223
10.5 Connections	p. 224
Cumulative Review	p. 224
Journals	p. 227
Computers	p. 228
Homework Tips	p. 229
Exercises for Chapter 10	p. 229
On the Personal Trainer CD
Lectlet 10A: Inferences About Means of Single Samples: Illustrating the Null Hypothesis
Lectlet 10B: Inferences About Means of Single Samples: Completing the Evaluation
Lectlet 10C: Inferences About Means of Single Samples: When the Test is Directional or [sigma] is Unknown
Resource 10A: Eyeball-estimating One-sample + Tests
Resource 10X: Additional Exercises
ESTAT ttest 1: Eyeball-estimating One-sample + Tests
ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator
QuizMaster 10A
Chapter 11 Inferences About Means of Two Independent Samples	p. 234
11.1 Hypotheses with Two Independent Samples	p. 236
Dependent and Independent Variables	p. 236
The Null Hypothesis	p. 238
Experimental Outcomes	p. 239
11.2 The Test Statistic	p. 240
11.3 Standard Error of the Difference Between Two Means	p. 242
Pooled Variance	p. 243
Interpreting the Standard Error of the Difference Between Two Means	p. 244
11.4 Evaluating Hypotheses About Means of Two Independent Samples	p. 245
Procedure	p. 246
A Directional (One-tailed) Example	p. 249
11.5 Practical Significance Versus Statistical Significance Revisited	p. 253
11.6 Two-sample + Test Eyeball-calibration	p. 254
11.7 Connections	p. 258
Cumulative Review	p. 258
Journals	p. 258
Computers	p. 260
Homework Tips	p. 261
Exercises for Chapter 11	p. 263
On the Personal Trainer CD
Lectlet 11A: Hypothesis Evaluation with Two Independent Samples: The Test Statistic
Lectlet 11B: Hypothesis Evaluation with Two Independent Samples: The Standard Error of the Difference Between Two Means
Lectlet 11C: Hypothesis Evaluation with Two Independent Samples: Completing the Analysis
Resource 11A: Eyeball-estimating Two-independent-samples + Tests
Resource 11X: Additional Exercises
ESTAT diffm: Tutorial-The Distribution of Differences Between Means
ESTA ttest2: Eyeball-estimating Two-independent-samples + Tests
ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator
QuizMaster 11A
Chapter 12 Inferences About Means of Two Dependent Samples	p. 269
12.1 Dependent-sample Tests	p. 270
12.2 Evaluating Hypotheses About Means of Two Dependent Samples	p. 272
An Example	p. 273
Null Hypothesis	p. 274
Test Statistic	p. 275
Evaluating the Hypothesis	p. 276
12.3 Comparing Dependent-and Independent-sample + Tests	p. 280
12.4 Dependent-sample + Test Eyeball-calibration	p. 282
12.5 Connections	p. 285
Cumulative Review	p. 285
Journals	p. 285
Computers	p. 286
Homework Tips	p. 287
Exercises for Chapter 12	p. 288
On the Personal Trainer CD
Lectlet 12A: Inferences About Two Dependent Samples
Resource 12A: Eyeball-estimating Dependent-sample + Tests
Resource 12X: Additional Exercises
ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator
QuizMaster 12A
Chapter 13 Statistical Power	p. 294
13.1 Statistical Power	p. 295
An Example	p. 297
Illustrating Power	p. 298
13.2 Factors That Increase Power	p. 301
Increasing the Sample Size Increases Power	p. 301
Increasing the Raw Effect Size Increases Power	p. 303
Decreasing [sigma] Increases Power	p. 304
Increasing [alpha] Increases Power	p. 304
Changing from a Nondirectional to a Directional Test Increases Power	p. 305
13.3 Using Power to Determine Sample Size	p. 306
An Example	p. 309
13.4 Connections	p. 312
Cumulative Review	p. 312
Journals	p. 312
Homework Tips	p. 312
Exercises for Chapter 13	p. 312
On the Personal Trainer CD
Lectlet 13A: Statistical Power
Lectlet 13B: Consequences of Statistical Power
Resource 13X: Additional Exercises
ESTAT power: Eyeball-estimating Power from n, Effect Size, and Standard Deviation
QuizMaster 13A
Chapter 14 Inferences About Two or More Means: Analysis of Variance	p. 317
14.1 Why Multiple + Tests Are Not Appropriate	p. 319
14.2 Hypotheses with Three or More Samples	p. 320
Null Hypothesis	p. 321
Alternative Hypothesis	p. 321
14.3 Logic of Analysis of Variance	p. 322
MS[subscript B]: Between-group oint-estimate of [sigma superscript 2]	p. 324
MS[subscript W]: Within-group Point-estimate of [sigma superscript 2]	p. 326
F Ratio	p. 327
ANOVA is Nondirectional	p. 329
14.4 Partitioning the Sum of Squares	p. 330
14.5 Review of the Procedure	p. 336
14.6 Another Example	p. 340
14.7 ANOVA Eyeball-calibration	p. 343
14.8 Number of Subjects Required for Adequate Power	p. 348
14.9 Connections	p. 350
Cumulative Review	p. 350
Journals	p. 351
Computers	p. 351
Homework Tips	p. 352
Exercises for Chapter 14	p. 353
On the Personal Trainer CD
Lectlet 14A: Hypotheses with Three or More Groups
Lectlet 14B: Logic of the Analysis of Variance
Lectlet 14C: Computing the Analysis of Variance
Lectlet 14D: Interpreting the Analysis of Variance
Resource 14A: Computational Formulas for ANOVA
Resource 14B: Eyeball-estimating the Analysis of Variance
Resource 14X: Additional Exercises
ESTAT anova: Eyeball-estimating the Analysis of Variance
ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator
QuizMaster 14A
Chapter 15 Post Hoc Tests, A Priori Tests, Repeated-Measures ANOVA, and Two-way ANOVA	p. 360
15.1 Interpreting ANOVA: Post Hoc Tests	p. 362
15.2 Instead of ANOVA: A Priori Tests	p. 365
A Priori Tests When There Are Two Groups	p. 365
Comparisons	p. 366
15.3 Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance	p. 367
15.4 Two-way Analysis of Variance	p. 370
15.5 Displaying the Outcome of a Two-way Design	p. 370
15.6 Main Effects	p. 372
15.7 Interaction	p. 374
Kinds of Interaction	p. 375
Null Hypothesis for Interaction	p. 377
15.8 Interpreting Two-way ANOVA	p. 377
15.9 Connections	p. 378
Cumulative Review	p. 378
Journals	p. 379
Computers	p. 380
Homework Tips	p. 381
Exercises for Chapter 15	p. 381
On the Personal Trainer CD
Lectlet 15A: Post Hoc Tests and A Priori Tests
Lectlet 15B: Repeated-measures Analysis of Variance
Lectlet 15C: Two-way Analysis of Variance
Resource 15A: Comprehending and Computing Post Hoc Tests
Resource 15B: Comprehending and Computing A Priori Tests
Resource 15C: Comprehending and Computing Repeated-measures ANOVA
Resource 15D: Comprehending and Computing Two-way ANOVA
Resource 15X: Additional Exercises
QuizMaster 15A
Chapter 16 Measures of the Relationship Between Two Variables: Correlation	p. 387
16.1 Correlation Coefficient	p. 388
Scatter Diagrams	p. 390
Values of r	p. 391
16.2 Pearson's r	p. 393
z Score Formulas	p. 394
How It Works	p. 395
Factors That Affect the Size of r	p. 399
Correlation Does Not Imply Causation	p. 400
Testing Hypotheses About r	p. 401
Power	p. 402
16.3 Spearman's r[subscript S]	p. 403
Ranking	p. 405
Testing Hypotheses About r[subscript s]	p. 406
16.4 Connections	p. 406
Cumulative Review	p. 406
Journals	p. 406
Computers	p. 408
Homework Tips	p. 410
Exercises for Chapter 16	p. 410
On the Personal Trainer CD
Lectlet 16A: Correlation
Lectlet 16B: Computing the Correlation Coefficient
Resource 16A: Computational Formulas for the Pearson Correlation Coefficient
Resource 16B: The Significance Test for r is Derived from the Test Statistic +
Resource 16X: Additional Exercises
ESTAT scatter: Eyeball-estimating the Correlation Coefficient from a Scatterplot
ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator
QuizMaster 16A
Chapter 17 Prediction: Linear Regression	p. 418
17.1 Regression Lines	p. 420
Notation	p. 421
The Equation	p. 422
Eyeball-estimating the Constants	p. 424
Computing the Constants	p. 429
Interpreting the Constants	p. 430
17.2 Regression Line in Standard Form	p. 431
Regression to the Mean	p. 432
17.3 The Best (Least Squares) Regression Line	p. 434
Error of Prediction	p. 434
The Best Line	p. 435
17.4 Standard Error of Estimate	p. 436
Coefficient of Determination	p. 438
Predicted Distribution	p. 439
17.5 Interpreting Correlation and Regression	p. 443
17.7 Connections	p. 444
Cumulative Review	p. 444
Journals	p. 444
Computers	p. 446
Homework Tips	p. 446
Exercises for Chapter 17	p. 448
On the Personal Trainer CD
Lectlet 17A: Linear Regression
Lectlet 17B: Computing the Regression Equation
Lectlet 17C: The Standard Error of Estimate
Resource 17A: Computational Formula for the Regression Line Slope
Resource 17B: What Causes Regression to the Mean?
Resource 17C: Partitioning the Regression Sum of Squares
Resource 17D: A Small Correlation Can Have Dramatic Impact
Resource 17X: Additional Exercises
ESTAT regtry: Eyeball-estimating the Regression Line
ESTAT corest: Prediction and Regression to the Mean
ESTAT datagen: Statistical Computational Package and Data Generator
QuizMaster 17A
Chapter 18 Some Nonparametric Statistical Tests	p. 455
18.1 Testing with a Nonnormal Distribution	p. 457
18.2 Nonparametric Statistical Tests	p. 458
18.3 Tests for Data Measured at the Nominal Level	p. 458
One Sample: The X[superscript 2] Goodness of Fit Test	p. 459
Two Independent Samples: The X[superscript 2] Test of Independence	p. 465
Two Dependent Samples: The McNemar Test for Significance of Change	p. 469
18.4 Tests for Data Measured at the Ordinal Level	p. 471
Two Independent Samples: The Mann-Whitney U Test	p. 471
Two Dependent Samples: The Wilcoxon Matched-pairs Signed-rank Test	p. 474
k Independent Samples: The Kruskal-Wallis H Test	p. 475
18.5 Choosing Between Parametric and Nonparametric Tests	p. 477
18.6 Connections	p. 477
Cumulative Review	p. 477
Journals	p. 479
Computers	p. 479
Homework Tips	p. 481
Exercises for Chapter 18	p. 481
On the Personal Trainer CD
Lectlet 18A: Nonparametric Statistics: Chi-square
Lectlet 18B: Nonparametric Statistics Based on Order
Resource 18X: Additional Exercises

Mevcut:*

Bound With These Titles

On Order

Özet

Özet

Table of Contents