Introduction to biomedical engineering

An introduction to, and overview of, biomedical engineering, this text focuses on most of the major fields of activity in which biomedical engineers are engaged. Chapters are written to provide historical perspectives of the major developments in specific domains, as well as the fundamental principles that underlie biomedical engineering design, analysis and modelling procedures in those domains. MATLAB and SIMULINK software is used throughout the book to model and simulate dynamic systems, and numerous examples and drill problems are used to enforce concepts.

Foreword	p. xiii
Contributors	p. xv
1 Biomedical Engineering: A Historical Perspective	p. 1
1.1 Evolution of the Modern Health Care System	p. 2
1.2 The Modern Health Care System	p. 8
1.3 What Is Biomedical Engineering?	p. 17
1.4 Roles Played by Biomedical Engineers	p. 20
1.5 Professional Status of Biomedical Engineering	p. 23
1.6 Professional Societies	p. 25
Exercises	p. 27
Suggested Reading	p. 28
2 Anatomy and Physiology	p. 29
2.1 Introduction	p. 30
2.2 Cellular Organization	p. 32
2.3 Tissues	p. 46
2.4 Major Organ Systems	p. 46
2.5 Homeostasis	p. 72
Exercises	p. 74
Suggested Reading	p. 76
3 Bioelectric Phenomena	p. 79
3.1 Introduction	p. 80
3.2 History	p. 81
3.3 Neurons	p. 89
3.4 Basic Biophysics Tools and Relationships	p. 95
3.5 Equivalent Circuit Model for the Cell Membrane	p. 105
3.6 Hodgkin-Huxley Model of the Action Potential	p. 115
Exercises	p. 131
Suggested Reading	p. 137
4 Biomedical Sensors	p. 139
4.1 Introduction	p. 140
4.2 Biopotential Measurements	p. 142
4.3 Physical Measurements	p. 147
4.4 Blood Gases and pH Sensors	p. 161
4.5 Bioanalytical Sensors	p. 169
4.6 Optical Biosensors	p. 171
Exercises	p. 176
Suggested Reading	p. 177
5 Bioinstrumentation	p. 179
5.1 Introduction	p. 180
5.2 Basic Instrumentation System	p. 184
5.3 Analog Circuits	p. 186
5.4 Signal Conditioning	p. 193
5.5 Instrumentation Design	p. 210
5.6 Computer-Based Instrumentation Systems	p. 225
5.7 Summary	p. 227
Exercises	p. 228
Suggested Reading	p. 231
6 Biosignal Processing	p. 233
6.1 Introduction	p. 234
6.2 Physiological Origins of Biosignals	p. 234
6.3 Characteristics of Biosignals	p. 238
6.4 Signal Acquisition	p. 240
6.5 Frequency Domain Representation of Biosignals	p. 245
6.6 The Z Transform	p. 251
6.7 Digital Filters	p. 253
6.8 Signal Averaging	p. 256
6.9 Wavelet Transform and Short-Time Fourier Transform	p. 260
6.10 Artificial Intelligence Techniques	p. 269
Exercises	p. 276
Suggested Reading	p. 277
7 Physiological Modeling	p. 279
7.1 Introduction	p. 280
7.2 An Overview of the Fast Eye Movement System	p. 284
7.3 Westheimer's Saccadic Eye Movement Model	p. 290
7.4 The Saccade Controller	p. 296
7.5 Development of an Oculomotor Muscle Model	p. 300
7.6 A Linear Muscle Model	p. 312
7.7 A Linear Homeomorphic Saccadic Eye Movement Model	p. 318
7.8 A Truer Linear Homeomorphic Saccadic Eye Movement Model	p. 324
7.9 Saccade Pathways	p. 334
7.10 System Identification	p. 343
Exercises	p. 359
Suggested Reading	p. 367
8 Compartmental Analysis	p. 369
8.1 Introduction	p. 370
8.2 Model Postulates	p. 371
8.3 Compartmental Structure	p. 372
8.4 Modified Compartmental Analysis	p. 396
8.5 Convective Transport between Physiologic Compartments	p. 401
Exercises	p. 406
Suggested Reading	p. 409
9 Biomechanics	p. 411
9.1 Introduction	p. 412
9.2 Basic Mechanics	p. 414
9.3 Mechanics of Materials	p. 433
9.4 Viscoelastic Properties	p. 440
9.5 Cartilage, Ligament, Tendon, and Muscle	p. 445
9.6 Clinical Gait Analysis	p. 450
Exercises	p. 463
Suggested Reading	p. 464
10 Cardiovascular Mechanics	p. 467
10.1 Introduction	p. 468
10.2 Definition of a Fluid and Basic Principles of Biofluid Mechanies	p. 468
10.3 Constitutive Modeling of Physiologic Fluids: Blood	p. 472
10.4 Generation of Flow in the Cardiovascular System: The Human Heart (Cardiology) and the Cardiac Cycle	p. 490
10.5 Fluid Dynamic Field Equations: Conservation of Mass, Energy, and Momentum	p. 500
10.6 Hemodynamics in Vascular Channels: Arterial (Time Dependent) and Venous (Steady)	p. 508
10.7 General Aspects of Control of Cardiovascular Function	p. 528
Exercises	p. 530
Suggested Reading	p. 535
11 Biomaterials	p. 537
11.1 Introduction	p. 538
11.2 Mechanical Properties and Mechanical Testing	p. 539
11.3 General Classification of Materials Used in Medical Devices	p. 544
11.4 Degradation of Materials	p. 554
11.5 Biological Effects	p. 559
11.6 Impact of Degradation of Materials on the Biological System	p. 568
11.7 Biocompatibility Testing	p. 569
11.8 Biomaterials and Device Design Criteria	p. 571
Exercises	p. 575
Suggested Reading	p. 578
12 Tissue Engineering	p. 579
12.1 Cellular Therapies	p. 581
12.2 Tissue Dynamics	p. 589
12.3 Stem Cells	p. 607
12.4 The Cellular Fate Processes	p. 612
12.5 Cellular Communications	p. 622
12.6 The Tissue Microenvironment	p. 628
12.7 Scaling Up	p. 639
12.8 Delivering Cell Therapies in a Clinical Setting	p. 644
12.9 Conclusions	p. 648
12.10 Glossary	p. 648
Exercises	p. 650
Suggested Reading	p. 654
13 Biotechnology	p. 657
13.1 Introduction	p. 658
13.2 Basic Techniques	p. 668
13.3 Other Core Technologies	p. 679
13.4 Medical Applications	p. 684
Exercises	p. 694
Suggested Reading	p. 696
14 Radiation Imaging	p. 697
14.1 Introduction	p. 698
14.2 Emission Imaging Systems	p. 699
14.3 Instrumentation and Imaging Devices	p. 716
14.4 Radiographic Imaging Systems	p. 721
Exercises	p. 742
Suggested Reading	p. 743
15 Ultrasound	p. 745
15.1 Introduction	p. 746
15.2 Fundamentals of Acoustic Propagation	p. 747
15.3 Diagnostic Ultrasonic Imaging	p. 757
15.4 New Developments	p. 771
15.5 Biological Effects of Ultrasound	p. 780
15.6 Therapeutic Ultrasound	p. 781
Exercises	p. 781
Suggested Reading	p. 782
16 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Magnetic Resonance Imaging	p. 783
16.1 Introduction	p. 784
16.2 Nuclear Magnetism	p. 787
16.3 NMR	p. 793
16.4 MRI	p. 805
16.5 Instrumentation for MRI	p. 828
Exercises	p. 839
Suggested Reading	p. 841
17 Biomedical Optics and Lasers	p. 843
17.1 Introduction	p. 844
17.2 Essential Optical Principles	p. 845
17.3 Fundamentals of Light Propagation in Biological Tissue	p. 850
17.4 Physical Interaction of Light and Physical Sensing	p. 862
17.5 Biochemical Measurement Techniques Using Light	p. 870
17.6 Fundamentals of Photothermal Therapeutic Effects of Lasers	p. 878
17.7 Fiber Optics and Waveguides in Medicine	p. 888
17.8 Biomedical Optical Imaging	p. 895
Exercises	p. 900
Suggested Reading	p. 903
18 Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology	p. 905
18.1 Introduction	p. 906
18.2 The Human Component	p. 912
18.3 Principles of Assistive Technology Assessment	p. 918
18.4 Principles of Rehabilitation Engineering	p. 921
18.5 Practice of Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology	p. 932
Exercises	p. 936
Suggested Reading	p. 941
19 Clinical Engineering and Electrical Safety	p. 943
19.1 Introduction	p. 944
19.2 A Historical Perspective	p. 945
19.3 The Role of the Clinical Engineer	p. 947
19.4 Safety in the Clinical Environment	p. 952
19.5 Electrical Safety	p. 954
19.6 Electrical Safety Programs	p. 967
19.7 The Future of Clinical Engineering	p. 969
19.8 Preparation for Clinical Engineers	p. 972
Exercises	p. 973
Suggested Reading	p. 975
20 Moral and Ethical Issues	p. 977
20.1 Introduction	p. 978
20.2 Morality and Ethics: A Definition of Terms	p. 979
20.3 Two Moral Norms: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence	p. 984
20.4 Redefining Death	p. 985
20.5 The Terminally Ill Patient and Euthanasia	p. 989
20.6 Taking Control	p. 993
20.7 Human Experimentation	p. 993
20.8 Definition and Purpose of Experimentation	p. 994
20.9 Informed Consent	p. 995
20.10 Regulation of Medical Device Innovation	p. 1000
20.11 Ethical Issues in Feasibility Studies	p. 1001
20.12 Ethical Issues in Emergency Use	p. 1003
20.13 Ethical Issues in Treatment Use	p. 1004
20.14 The Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990	p. 1005
Exercises	p. 1006
Suggested Reading	p. 1007
Index	p. 1009

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