| I Concepts and Tools |
| 1 Introduction |
| The Book's Website |
| Pedagogical Approach |
| Getting Ready to Learn about SEM |
| Characteristics of SEM |
| Widespread Enthusiasm, but with a Cautionary Tale |
| Family History and a Reminder about Context |
| Extended Latent Variable Families |
| Plan of the Book |
| Summary |
| 2 Fundamental Concepts |
| Multiple Regression |
| Partial Correlation and Part Correlation |
| Other Bivariate Correlations |
| Logistic Regression |
| Statistical Tests |
| Topic Box 2.1 The "Big Five" Misinterpretations of Statistical Significance |
| Bootstrapping |
| Summary |
| Recommended Readings |
| Exercises |
| 3 Data Preparation |
| Forms of Input Data |
| Positive Definiteness |
| Topic Box 3.1 Causes of Nonpositive Definiteness and Solutions |
| Data Screening |
| Selecting Good Measures and Reporting about Them |
| Summary |
| Recommended Readings |
| Exercises |
| 4 Computer Tools |
| Ease of Use, Not Suspension of Judgment |
| Human-Computer Interaction |
| Topic Box 4.1 Graphical Isn't Always Better |
| Core SEM Programs and Book Website Resources |
| Other Computer Tools |
| Summary |
| Recommended Readings |
| II Core Techniques |
| 5 Specification |
| Steps of SEM |
| Model Diagram Symbols |
| Specification Concepts |
| Path Analysis Models |
| CFA Models |
| Structural Regression Models |
| Exploratory SEM |
| Summary |
| Recommended Readings |
| Exercises |
| 6 Identification |
| General Requirements |
| Unique Estimates |
| Rule for Recursive Structural Models |
| Rules for Nonrecursive Structural Models |
| Rules for Standard CFA Models |
| Rules for Nonstandard CFA Models |
| Rules for SR Models |
| A Healthy Perspective on Identification |
| Empirical Underidentification |
| Managing Identification Problems |
| Summary |
| Recommended Readings |
| Exercises |
| Appendix 6.A Evaluation of the Rank Condition |
| 7 Estimation |
| Maximum Likelihood Estimation |
| Topic Box 7.1 Two-Stage Least Squares Estimation |
| Detailed Example |
| Brief Example with a Start Value Problem |
| Fitting Models to Correlation Matrices |
| Alternative Estimators |
| A Healthy Perspective on Estimation |
| Summary |
| Recommended Readings |
| Exercises |
| Appendix 7.A Start Value Suggestions for Structural Models |
| Appendix 7.B Effect Decomposition in Nonrecursive Models and the Equilibrium Assumption |
| 8 Hypothesis Testing |
| Eyes on the Prize |
| State of Practice, State of Mind |
| A Healthy Perspective on Fit Statistics |
| Types of Fit Statistics and "Golden Rules" |
| Model Chi-Square |
| Approximate Fit Indexes |
| Visual Summaries of Fit |
| Recommended Approach to Model Fit Evaluation |
| Detailed Example |
| Testing Hierarchical Models |
| Comparing Nonhierarchical Models |
| Power Analysis |
| Equivalent and Near-Equivalent Models |
| Summary |
| Recommended Readings |
| Exercises |
| 9 Measurement Models and Confirmatory Factor Analysis |
| Naming and Reification Fallacies |
| Estimation of CFA Models |
| Detailed Example |
| Respecification of Measurement Models |
| Special Topics and Tests |
| Topic Box 9.1 Reliability of Construct Measurement |
| Items as Indicators and Other Methods for Analyzing Items |
| Estimated Factor Scores |
| Equivalent CFA Models |
| Hierarchical CFA Models |
| Models for Multitrait-Multimethod Data |
| Measurement Invariance and Multiple-Sample CFA |
| Summary |
| Recommended Readings |
| Exercises |
| Appendix 9.A Start Value Suggestions for Measurement Models |
| Appendix 9.B Constraint Interaction in Measurement Models |
| 10 Structural Regression Models |
| Analyzing SR Models |
| Estimation of SR Models |
| Detailed Example |
| Equivalent SR Models |
| Single Indicators in Partially Latent SR Models |
| Cause Indicators and Formative Measurement |
| Topic Box 10.1 Partial Least Squares Path Modeling |
| Invariance Testing of SR Models |
| Reporting Results of SEM Analyses |
| Summary |
| Recommended Readings |
| Exercises |
| Appendix 10.A Constraint Interaction in SR Models |
| III Advanced Techniques, Avoiding Mistakes |
| 11 Mean Structures and Latent Growth Models |
| Logic of Mean Structures |
| Identification of Mean Structures |
| Estimation of Mean Structures |
| Latent Growth Models |
| Structured Means in Measurement Models |
| MIMIC Models as an Alternative to Multiple-Sample Analysis |
| Summary |
| Recommended Readings |
| 12 Interaction Effects and Multilevel SEM |
| Interaction Effects of Observed Variables |
| Interaction Effects in Path Models |
| Mediation and Moderation Together |
| Interactive Effects of Latent Variables |
| Estimation with the Kenny-Judd Method |
| Alternative Estimation Methods |
| Rationale of Multilevel Analysis |
| Basic Multilevel Techniques |
| Convergence of SEM and MLM |
| Multilevel SEM |
| Summary |
| Recommended Readings |
| 13 How to Fool Yourself with SEM |
| Tripping at the Starting Line: Specification |
| Improper Care and Feeding: Data |
| Checking Critical Judgment at the Door: Analysis and Respecification |
| The Garden Path: Interpretation |
| Summary |
| Recommended Readings |
| *Suggested Answers to Exercises |
